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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
What is the function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
- To contain the information genes determining cellular structure and function
- To generate energy within the cell
- To support other structures of the cell interior
- To form a semi-permeable barrier around the cell (correct)
Which structure is generally a spherical body contained within the plasma membrane?
Which structure is generally a spherical body contained within the plasma membrane?
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus (correct)
- Cytoplasm
- Plasma Membrane
What is the fluid substance contained within the plasma membrane, surrounding and supporting the other structures of the cell interior?
What is the fluid substance contained within the plasma membrane, surrounding and supporting the other structures of the cell interior?
- Ribosomes
- Nucleus
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm (correct)
What is the basic unit of construction of all living things, except for viruses?
What is the basic unit of construction of all living things, except for viruses?
Which structure is concerned with protein production within the cell?
Which structure is concerned with protein production within the cell?
What is the largest structure in the cell?
What is the largest structure in the cell?
What is the main function of mitochondria within the cell?
What is the main function of mitochondria within the cell?
What can pass through the plasma membrane into or out of the cell?
What can pass through the plasma membrane into or out of the cell?
Which part of the cell contains the information genes determining cellular structure and function?
Which part of the cell contains the information genes determining cellular structure and function?
Where does the stomach lie in the abdomen?
Where does the stomach lie in the abdomen?
What is the main role of ribosomes within the cell?
What is the main role of ribosomes within the cell?
Where does the spleen lie in the abdomen?
Where does the spleen lie in the abdomen?
Which organ occupies the right hypochondrium and the greater part of the epigastrium?
Which organ occupies the right hypochondrium and the greater part of the epigastrium?
Where do the kidneys lie in the abdomen?
Where do the kidneys lie in the abdomen?
Where does the caecum lie in the abdomen?
Where does the caecum lie in the abdomen?
What is the superior boundary of the abdomen?
What is the superior boundary of the abdomen?
What is the inferior boundary of the abdomen continuous with?
What is the inferior boundary of the abdomen continuous with?
Where does the pancreas lie in the abdomen?
Where does the pancreas lie in the abdomen?
Where is the position of the gall bladder in the abdomen?
Where is the position of the gall bladder in the abdomen?
What is the anterior boundary of the abdomen?
What is the anterior boundary of the abdomen?
Which directional term describes a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?
Which directional term describes a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?
What type of tissue is responsible for providing support and protection for the body and its organs?
What type of tissue is responsible for providing support and protection for the body and its organs?
Which type of cell has genetic material in the nucleus determining its functions and structures?
Which type of cell has genetic material in the nucleus determining its functions and structures?
Which term refers to a group of organs working together to perform specific functions?
Which term refers to a group of organs working together to perform specific functions?
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
Which directional term describes a position farther away from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?
Which directional term describes a position farther away from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?
Which type of tissue lines the surfaces of the body, cavities, and organs, and is involved in absorption and secretion?
Which type of tissue lines the surfaces of the body, cavities, and organs, and is involved in absorption and secretion?
Which term refers to a combination of cells and intercellular material with specific structures to carry out unique functions?
Which term refers to a combination of cells and intercellular material with specific structures to carry out unique functions?
What type of tissue is responsible for conducting electrical signals in the body?
What type of tissue is responsible for conducting electrical signals in the body?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe in?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe in?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
What happens to the percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe out?
What happens to the percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe out?
Where does the trachea lead after passing through the larynx?
Where does the trachea lead after passing through the larynx?
What is the function of the respiratory system in relation to oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What is the function of the respiratory system in relation to oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What is the primary function of respiration?
What is the primary function of respiration?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
What happens to the percentage of nitrogen in the air we breathe out?
What happens to the percentage of nitrogen in the air we breathe out?
What is the role of the right bronchus in comparison to the left bronchus?
What is the role of the right bronchus in comparison to the left bronchus?
What is the function of the inert gases in the air we breathe in?
What is the function of the inert gases in the air we breathe in?
What is the purpose of warming and moistening the air in the nasal passages?
What is the purpose of warming and moistening the air in the nasal passages?
What is the main function of the epiglottis in unconscious patients?
What is the main function of the epiglottis in unconscious patients?
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
What is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration?
What is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration?
What controls respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO$2$ and O$2$ levels?
What controls respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO$2$ and O$2$ levels?
What stimulates increased ventilation in response to elevated CO$2$ levels?
What stimulates increased ventilation in response to elevated CO$2$ levels?
What may patients with severe chronic obstructive airways disease have, which alters their hypoxic drive?
What may patients with severe chronic obstructive airways disease have, which alters their hypoxic drive?
What is the main role of the pleura membrane in the lungs?
What is the main role of the pleura membrane in the lungs?
Which process involves inspiration and expiration, controlled by muscle activity and elastic recoil of the lungs?
Which process involves inspiration and expiration, controlled by muscle activity and elastic recoil of the lungs?
Where does internal respiration involve the circulatory system carrying oxygen to body cells and absorbing carbon dioxide?
Where does internal respiration involve the circulatory system carrying oxygen to body cells and absorbing carbon dioxide?
What is the role of the trachea in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the trachea in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
What are the spongy organs with alveoli and connective tissue, divided into lobes?
What are the spongy organs with alveoli and connective tissue, divided into lobes?
What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe out?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe out?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
What is the function of the inert gases in the air we breathe in?
What is the function of the inert gases in the air we breathe in?
What is the main role of the pleura membrane in the lungs?
What is the main role of the pleura membrane in the lungs?
What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the right bronchus in comparison to the left bronchus?
What is the role of the right bronchus in comparison to the left bronchus?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
What is the purpose of warming and moistening the air in the nasal passages?
What is the purpose of warming and moistening the air in the nasal passages?
What is the function of the respiratory system in relation to oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What is the function of the respiratory system in relation to oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What happens to the percentage of nitrogen in the air we breathe out?
What happens to the percentage of nitrogen in the air we breathe out?
What is the main function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
What is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration?
What is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration?
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
What controls respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO$2$ and O$2$ levels?
What controls respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO$2$ and O$2$ levels?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe in?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe in?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
What happens to the percentage of nitrogen in the air we breathe out?
What happens to the percentage of nitrogen in the air we breathe out?
What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
Where is the position of the gall bladder in the abdomen?
Where is the position of the gall bladder in the abdomen?
What is the superior boundary of the abdomen?
What is the superior boundary of the abdomen?
What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the lungs?
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the lungs?
What is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration?
What is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration?
What stimulates increased ventilation in response to elevated CO$2$ levels?
What stimulates increased ventilation in response to elevated CO$2$ levels?
What controls respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO$2$ and O$2$ levels?
What controls respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO$2$ and O$2$ levels?
What is the role of the pleura membrane in the lungs?
What is the role of the pleura membrane in the lungs?
What is the main role of the respiratory system?
What is the main role of the respiratory system?
What may patients with severe chronic obstructive airways disease have, which alters their hypoxic drive?
What may patients with severe chronic obstructive airways disease have, which alters their hypoxic drive?
What is the purpose of warming and moistening the air in the nasal passages?
What is the purpose of warming and moistening the air in the nasal passages?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe in?
What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe in?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
What is the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out?
Where does the trachea lead after passing through the larynx?
Where does the trachea lead after passing through the larynx?
What type of tissue is responsible for conducting electrical signals in the body?
What type of tissue is responsible for conducting electrical signals in the body?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Human Body Systems
- Cells have genetic material in the nucleus determining their functions and structures.
- Different cell types have specific structures to carry out their unique functions.
- Cells require oxygen, nutrition, and water to function properly.
- Tissues are a combination of cells and intercellular material, with four main types: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue.
- Organs are a combination of tissues carrying out specific functions, such as the brain and heart.
- Systems are groups of organs working together, such as the circulatory and respiratory systems.
- Directional terms are used to explain the location of body structures in relation to each other.
- Directional terms include superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, proximal, distal, external, and internal.
- The body has various cavities, including the head, chest, and abdomen/pelvis, each containing specific organs.
- The head contains the cranium with the brain, nasal cavities, eyes, and oral cavity.
- The chest houses the lungs, heart, esophagus, and major blood vessels.
- The abdomen is divided into nine regions, each with specific contents.
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
- Lungs are spongy organs with alveoli and connective tissue, divided into lobes and covered by a pleura membrane.
- Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through external respiration and in tissues through internal respiration.
- Diffusion is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration.
- Oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and carbon dioxide is released during external respiration.
- Internal respiration involves the circulatory system carrying oxygen to body cells and absorbing carbon dioxide.
- Ventilation involves inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out), controlled by muscle activity and elastic recoil of the lungs.
- Voluntary and involuntary mechanisms control respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2 and O2 levels.
- Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies transmit nerve impulses to the respiratory center, stimulating increased ventilation in response to elevated CO2 levels.
- Patients with severe chronic obstructive airways disease may have an altered hypoxic drive, relying on low oxygen levels to stimulate breathing.
- High oxygen levels in the blood of these patients can remove the stimulus to breathe, necessitating careful oxygen level management.
- The respiratory system plays a crucial role in gas exchange, with specific mechanisms for control and regulation of respiration.
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
- Lungs are spongy organs with alveoli and connective tissue, divided into lobes and covered by a pleura membrane.
- Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through external respiration and in tissues through internal respiration.
- Diffusion is the process by which gases cross a semi-permeable membrane during respiration.
- Oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and carbon dioxide is released during external respiration.
- Internal respiration involves the circulatory system carrying oxygen to body cells and absorbing carbon dioxide.
- Ventilation involves inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out), controlled by muscle activity and elastic recoil of the lungs.
- Voluntary and involuntary mechanisms control respiration, including nerve cells in the brain stem and chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2 and O2 levels.
- Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies transmit nerve impulses to the respiratory center, stimulating increased ventilation in response to elevated CO2 levels.
- Patients with severe chronic obstructive airways disease may have an altered hypoxic drive, relying on low oxygen levels to stimulate breathing.
- High oxygen levels in the blood of these patients can remove the stimulus to breathe, necessitating careful oxygen level management.
- The respiratory system plays a crucial role in gas exchange, with specific mechanisms for control and regulation of respiration.
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