60 Questions
What is the function of extracellular fluid?
To transport CO2 to lungs and waste products to the kidney
What is the approximate number of cells in the human body?
35-40 trillion
What is the major function of the blood capillaries?
To exchange extracellular fluid between blood and interstitial fluid
What is the function of the sensory receptors?
To detect the state of the body and its surroundings
What is the percentage of extracellular fluid outside the cell?
⅓
What is the function of the intracellular fluid?
To transport ions throughout the body
How many times does the blood in the circulation traverse the entire circuit per minute when the body is at rest?
Once an average
What is the major division of physiology that deals with the study of human physiology?
Human physiology
What is the function of the motor output portion of the nervous system?
To respond to sensory input
What is the significance of extracellular fluid in the human body?
It helps in the transportation of CO2 and waste products
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To protect the body from pathogens
What percentage of body weight does the skin typically comprise?
12% to 15%
What is the role of the microbiota in the body?
To provide vital functions essential for survival
What is the term for the study of how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury?
Pathophysiology
What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in the body?
To absorb nutrients from food
What is the result of disease on homeostasis?
Homeostasis is disrupted
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
Tissue cells derived from white blood cells
What is the result of homeostatic compensations in diseases?
Additional abnormalities of body function occur
What is the role of the muscles in the body?
To move to obtain the foods required for nutrition
What is the function of the integumentary system?
To regulate body temperature and provide a sensory interface with the external environment
What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system in relation to the body's surroundings?
To provide motility for protection against adverse surroundings
What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?
To filter large quantities of plasma through the glomerular capillaries into the tubules
What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract in maintaining homeostasis?
To eliminate undigested material and waste products of metabolism
What is the purpose of positive feedback in the body's control systems?
To participate in negative feedback processes
What is the purpose of feed-forward control in the body's control systems?
To cause required muscle contractions in rapid movements
What is the term used to describe the body's internal environment?
Internal environment
What is the result of extreme dysfunction in the body's functional systems?
Death
What is the primary function of the blood in maintaining homeostasis?
To carry carbon dioxide from the lungs to the atmosphere
What is the term used to describe the process of correcting feed-forward signals to achieve proper movement?
Adaptive control
What is the primary function of the body's control systems in maintaining homeostasis?
To maintain a stable internal environment
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To distinguish its own cells from harmful foreign cells and substances and destroy the invader
What percentage of body weight does the skin typically comprise?
12% to 15%
What is the term used to describe the communities of microorganisms that inhabit the body?
Microbiota
What is the result of disease on homeostasis?
Homeostasis is disrupted
What is the discipline that seeks to explain how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury?
Pathophysiology
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
To produce sensitized lymphocytes
What is the result of homeostatic compensations in diseases?
Major deviations of the body's functions from the normal range
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
To protect the body from external damage
What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in the body?
To absorb nutrients from ingested food
What is the significance of homeostatic mechanisms in the body?
They are essential for maintaining vital body functions
What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system in relation to the body's surroundings?
To provide motility for protection against adverse surroundings
Which of the following substances is NOT removed from the plasma by the kidneys?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of positive feedback in the body's control systems?
To participate in negative feedback processes
What is the main function of the human body's complex systems?
To facilitate the survival of the human being
What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?
To filter out waste products
What is the term used to describe the body's internal environment?
Extracellular fluid
What is the primary function of the extracellular fluid?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients with the cells
What is the result of extreme dysfunction in the body's functional systems?
Death
What is the term used to describe the study of the functions of living organisms?
Physiology
What is the composition of the nervous system?
Sensory receptors, central nervous system, and motor output portion
What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract in maintaining homeostasis?
To eliminate waste products
What is the term used to describe the process of correcting feed-forward signals to achieve proper movement?
Adaptive control
What is the primary function of the blood in the human body?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells
What is the primary function of the kidneys in regulating the body's internal environment?
To filter out waste products
What is the approximate number of red blood cells in the human body?
25 trillion
What is the result of moderate dysfunction in the body's functional systems?
Sickness
What is the function of the sensory receptors in the nervous system?
To detect the state of the body and its surroundings
What is the term used to describe the process of maintaining a constant internal environment in the human body?
Homeostasis
What is the primary function of the extracellular fluid in the transportation of waste products?
To transport waste products to the kidneys
What is the term used to describe the study of the functions of the immune system?
Immunology
Study Notes
Functional Organization of the Human Body
- The human body is composed of approximately 35-40 trillion cells, with 25 trillion red blood cells, and is divided into different functional structures called organs.
- Each cell has a unique shape but shares common characteristics, and they work together to maintain homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, also known as the internal environment.
Extracellular Fluid
- Extracellular fluid contains oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and fatty substances, and is responsible for transporting CO2 to the lungs and waste products to the kidneys.
- It circulates throughout the body, taking up about 1/3 of the space outside of cells, and is constantly exchanged between blood and intercellular fluid.
- The two stages of transportation of extracellular fluid are through blood vessels and capillaries or intercellular spaces between tissues.
Protection of the Body
- The immune system, composed of white blood cells, tissue cells, the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels, protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
- The integumentary system, consisting of the skin and its appendages, covers and protects the deeper tissues and organs, regulates temperature, and provides a sensory interface between the body and the external environment.
Homeostasis and Control Systems
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, and the body's control systems work to maintain homeostasis through multiple compensations.
- Disease can disrupt homeostasis, but the body's compensatory mechanisms continue to operate, sometimes leading to further deviations from normal body functions.
- The discipline of pathophysiology explains how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury.
Musculoskeletal System
- The musculoskeletal system provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings and enables the body to move to obtain food for nutrition.
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs, which is then carried out of the body through exhalation.
Kidneys
- The kidneys filter large quantities of plasma through the glomerular capillaries, removing waste products and excess ions and water from the extracellular fluid.
Gastrointestinal Tract
- The gastrointestinal tract eliminates undigested material and waste products of metabolism through the feces.
Control Systems
- Positive feedback is useful in certain circumstances, such as blood clotting, as part of an overall negative feedback process.
- Feed-forward control is used by the brain to cause rapid muscle contractions, with sensory nerve signals providing feedback to correct the movement.
- Adaptive control is a type of delayed negative feedback, used to correct movements and maintain homeostasis.
Functional Organization of the Human Body
- The human body is composed of approximately 35-40 trillion cells, with 25 trillion red blood cells, and is divided into different functional structures called organs.
- Each cell has a unique shape but shares common characteristics, and they work together to maintain homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, also known as the internal environment.
Extracellular Fluid
- Extracellular fluid contains oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and fatty substances, and is responsible for transporting CO2 to the lungs and waste products to the kidneys.
- It circulates throughout the body, taking up about 1/3 of the space outside of cells, and is constantly exchanged between blood and intercellular fluid.
- The two stages of transportation of extracellular fluid are through blood vessels and capillaries or intercellular spaces between tissues.
Protection of the Body
- The immune system, composed of white blood cells, tissue cells, the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels, protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
- The integumentary system, consisting of the skin and its appendages, covers and protects the deeper tissues and organs, regulates temperature, and provides a sensory interface between the body and the external environment.
Homeostasis and Control Systems
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, and the body's control systems work to maintain homeostasis through multiple compensations.
- Disease can disrupt homeostasis, but the body's compensatory mechanisms continue to operate, sometimes leading to further deviations from normal body functions.
- The discipline of pathophysiology explains how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury.
Musculoskeletal System
- The musculoskeletal system provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings and enables the body to move to obtain food for nutrition.
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs, which is then carried out of the body through exhalation.
Kidneys
- The kidneys filter large quantities of plasma through the glomerular capillaries, removing waste products and excess ions and water from the extracellular fluid.
Gastrointestinal Tract
- The gastrointestinal tract eliminates undigested material and waste products of metabolism through the feces.
Control Systems
- Positive feedback is useful in certain circumstances, such as blood clotting, as part of an overall negative feedback process.
- Feed-forward control is used by the brain to cause rapid muscle contractions, with sensory nerve signals providing feedback to correct the movement.
- Adaptive control is a type of delayed negative feedback, used to correct movements and maintain homeostasis.
Learn about the structure and function of the human body, including cells, organs, and extracellular fluid, and how they work together to maintain homeostasis.
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