Human Body Organization and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of extracellular fluid?

  • To protect the cell and circulate blood
  • To detect the state of the body and its surroundings
  • To transport ions throughout the body
  • To transport CO2 to lungs and waste products to the kidney (correct)

    • What is the approximate number of cells in the human body?

  • 50 trillion
  • 10 trillion
  • 25 trillion
  • 35-40 trillion (correct)

    • What is the major function of the blood capillaries?

  • To transport oxygen to cells
  • To exchange extracellular fluid between blood and interstitial fluid (correct)
  • To integrate central nervous system
  • To detect sensory input

    • What is the function of the sensory receptors?

    <p>To detect the state of the body and its surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of extracellular fluid outside the cell?

    <p>⅓</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intracellular fluid?

    <p>To transport ions throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times does the blood in the circulation traverse the entire circuit per minute when the body is at rest?

    <p>Once an average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major division of physiology that deals with the study of human physiology?

    <p>Human physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the motor output portion of the nervous system?

    <p>To respond to sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of extracellular fluid in the human body?

    <p>It helps in the transportation of CO2 and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system?

    <p>To protect the body from pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight does the skin typically comprise?

    <p>12% to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the microbiota in the body?

    <p>To provide vital functions essential for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury?

    <p>Pathophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in the body?

    <p>To absorb nutrients from food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of disease on homeostasis?

    <p>Homeostasis is disrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?

    <p>Tissue cells derived from white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of homeostatic compensations in diseases?

    <p>Additional abnormalities of body function occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the muscles in the body?

    <p>To move to obtain the foods required for nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the integumentary system?

    <p>To regulate body temperature and provide a sensory interface with the external environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system in relation to the body's surroundings?

    <p>To provide motility for protection against adverse surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To filter large quantities of plasma through the glomerular capillaries into the tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To eliminate undigested material and waste products of metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positive feedback in the body's control systems?

    <p>To participate in negative feedback processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of feed-forward control in the body's control systems?

    <p>To cause required muscle contractions in rapid movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the body's internal environment?

    <p>Internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of extreme dysfunction in the body's functional systems?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the blood in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To carry carbon dioxide from the lungs to the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of correcting feed-forward signals to achieve proper movement?

    <p>Adaptive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the body's control systems in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system?

    <p>To distinguish its own cells from harmful foreign cells and substances and destroy the invader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight does the skin typically comprise?

    <p>12% to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the communities of microorganisms that inhabit the body?

    <p>Microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of disease on homeostasis?

    <p>Homeostasis is disrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the discipline that seeks to explain how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury?

    <p>Pathophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?

    <p>To produce sensitized lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of homeostatic compensations in diseases?

    <p>Major deviations of the body's functions from the normal range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

    <p>To protect the body from external damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in the body?

    <p>To absorb nutrients from ingested food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of homeostatic mechanisms in the body?

    <p>They are essential for maintaining vital body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system in relation to the body's surroundings?

    <p>To provide motility for protection against adverse surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT removed from the plasma by the kidneys?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positive feedback in the body's control systems?

    <p>To participate in negative feedback processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the human body's complex systems?

    <p>To facilitate the survival of the human being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To filter out waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the body's internal environment?

    <p>Extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular fluid?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients with the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of extreme dysfunction in the body's functional systems?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the functions of living organisms?

    <p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nervous system?

    <p>Sensory receptors, central nervous system, and motor output portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>To eliminate waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of correcting feed-forward signals to achieve proper movement?

    <p>Adaptive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the blood in the human body?

    <p>To transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in regulating the body's internal environment?

    <p>To filter out waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of red blood cells in the human body?

    <p>25 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of moderate dysfunction in the body's functional systems?

    <p>Sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sensory receptors in the nervous system?

    <p>To detect the state of the body and its surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of maintaining a constant internal environment in the human body?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular fluid in the transportation of waste products?

    <p>To transport waste products to the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the functions of the immune system?

    <p>Immunology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functional Organization of the Human Body

    • The human body is composed of approximately 35-40 trillion cells, with 25 trillion red blood cells, and is divided into different functional structures called organs.
    • Each cell has a unique shape but shares common characteristics, and they work together to maintain homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, also known as the internal environment.

    Extracellular Fluid

    • Extracellular fluid contains oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and fatty substances, and is responsible for transporting CO2 to the lungs and waste products to the kidneys.
    • It circulates throughout the body, taking up about 1/3 of the space outside of cells, and is constantly exchanged between blood and intercellular fluid.
    • The two stages of transportation of extracellular fluid are through blood vessels and capillaries or intercellular spaces between tissues.

    Protection of the Body

    • The immune system, composed of white blood cells, tissue cells, the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels, protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
    • The integumentary system, consisting of the skin and its appendages, covers and protects the deeper tissues and organs, regulates temperature, and provides a sensory interface between the body and the external environment.

    Homeostasis and Control Systems

    • Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, and the body's control systems work to maintain homeostasis through multiple compensations.
    • Disease can disrupt homeostasis, but the body's compensatory mechanisms continue to operate, sometimes leading to further deviations from normal body functions.
    • The discipline of pathophysiology explains how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury.

    Musculoskeletal System

    • The musculoskeletal system provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings and enables the body to move to obtain food for nutrition.

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs, which is then carried out of the body through exhalation.

    Kidneys

    • The kidneys filter large quantities of plasma through the glomerular capillaries, removing waste products and excess ions and water from the extracellular fluid.

    Gastrointestinal Tract

    • The gastrointestinal tract eliminates undigested material and waste products of metabolism through the feces.

    Control Systems

    • Positive feedback is useful in certain circumstances, such as blood clotting, as part of an overall negative feedback process.
    • Feed-forward control is used by the brain to cause rapid muscle contractions, with sensory nerve signals providing feedback to correct the movement.
    • Adaptive control is a type of delayed negative feedback, used to correct movements and maintain homeostasis.

    Functional Organization of the Human Body

    • The human body is composed of approximately 35-40 trillion cells, with 25 trillion red blood cells, and is divided into different functional structures called organs.
    • Each cell has a unique shape but shares common characteristics, and they work together to maintain homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, also known as the internal environment.

    Extracellular Fluid

    • Extracellular fluid contains oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and fatty substances, and is responsible for transporting CO2 to the lungs and waste products to the kidneys.
    • It circulates throughout the body, taking up about 1/3 of the space outside of cells, and is constantly exchanged between blood and intercellular fluid.
    • The two stages of transportation of extracellular fluid are through blood vessels and capillaries or intercellular spaces between tissues.

    Protection of the Body

    • The immune system, composed of white blood cells, tissue cells, the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels, protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
    • The integumentary system, consisting of the skin and its appendages, covers and protects the deeper tissues and organs, regulates temperature, and provides a sensory interface between the body and the external environment.

    Homeostasis and Control Systems

    • Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, and the body's control systems work to maintain homeostasis through multiple compensations.
    • Disease can disrupt homeostasis, but the body's compensatory mechanisms continue to operate, sometimes leading to further deviations from normal body functions.
    • The discipline of pathophysiology explains how physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury.

    Musculoskeletal System

    • The musculoskeletal system provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings and enables the body to move to obtain food for nutrition.

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs, which is then carried out of the body through exhalation.

    Kidneys

    • The kidneys filter large quantities of plasma through the glomerular capillaries, removing waste products and excess ions and water from the extracellular fluid.

    Gastrointestinal Tract

    • The gastrointestinal tract eliminates undigested material and waste products of metabolism through the feces.

    Control Systems

    • Positive feedback is useful in certain circumstances, such as blood clotting, as part of an overall negative feedback process.
    • Feed-forward control is used by the brain to cause rapid muscle contractions, with sensory nerve signals providing feedback to correct the movement.
    • Adaptive control is a type of delayed negative feedback, used to correct movements and maintain homeostasis.

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    Description

    Learn about the structure and function of the human body, including cells, organs, and extracellular fluid, and how they work together to maintain homeostasis.

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