Questions and Answers
What is the role of enzymes in digestion?
Breaking down large food molecules into smaller, absorbable molecules
What happens to enzymes as you increase temperature?
Their activity increases until it reaches a maximum point, then decreases
Which enzyme breaks down starch, and where is it found in the digestive system?
Amylase - Small intestine
What is the main role of bile in digestion?
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What is meant by the 'lock and key' theory of enzymes?
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What is the main job of bile in digestion?
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Which organ system is responsible for exchanging gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body?
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What happens to enzymes when the pH is above their optimum level?
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Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down lipids, and where is it found in the digestive system?
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What is the significance of the 'lock and key' theory of enzymes?
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Study Notes
Body Organisation
- The body is organised from cell to organism, with cells forming tissues, tissues forming organs, organs forming organ systems, and organ systems working together to form an organism.
Organ Systems
- Examples of organ systems in the body include:
- Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves): controls body functions and interprets sensory information
- Circulatory system (heart, blood vessels, blood): transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products
- Digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas): breaks down food into nutrients for energy and growth
Digestive System
- Organs involved in the digestive system and their jobs:
- Mouth: mechanical breakdown of food by teeth, salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose
- Esophagus: transports food to stomach
- Stomach: mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of protein and lipids by pepsin and gastric amylase
- Small intestine: enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into nutrients
- Liver: produces bile for lipid breakdown
- Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid breakdown
Enzymes in Digestion
- Enzymes are biological molecules that speed up chemical reactions in the body
- Enzymes are specific to the substrate they act on
- Examples of enzymes in digestion:
- Amylase: breaks down starch into maltose
- Pepsin: breaks down protein into peptides and amino acids
- Lipase: breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
- Enzymes are affected by:
- Temperature: enzymes work best at optimum temperature, denatured below and above optimum temperature
- pH: enzymes work best at optimum pH, denatured below and above optimum pH
- 'Lock and key' theory: enzymes have a specific shape that fits the substrate, allowing for efficient catalysis
Products of Digestion
- Carbohydrates broken down into glucose
- Proteins broken down into amino acids
- Lipids broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
Bile in Digestion
- Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
- Bile emulsifies lipids, allowing for enzymatic breakdown
- Bile salts also stimulate lipase activity
Optimum Temperature and pH
- Optimum temperature: the temperature at which an enzyme works most efficiently
- Optimum pH: the pH at which an enzyme works most efficiently
Food Tests
- Protein test: Biuret test, pink color indicates presence of protein
- Starch test: Iodine test, blue-black color indicates presence of starch
- Glucose test: Benedict's test, orange-red color indicates presence of glucose
- Fat test: Sudan III test, red color indicates presence of fat
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