Human Body Composition and Nutrition

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What is the product of the oxidation of acetaldehyde in the liver?

Ethanol

Acetate (correct)

Acetaldehyde

Alcohol

Why do women metabolize alcohol slower than men?

Due to their higher muscle mass

Due to their smaller liver size and higher body fat percentage (correct)

Due to their higher body fat percentage

Due to their larger liver size

What is a consequence of acetaldehyde accumulation in the body?

Formation of hydrogen peroxide

Formation of antioxidants

Formation of adducts that impair molecular function (correct)

Formation of albumin

What is a health implication of chronic alcohol consumption on the liver?

Hepatic cirrhosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which MEOS detoxifies alcohol?

Oxidation by adding oxygen and removing hydrogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human body is composed of oxygen?

63% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the brush border in enterocytes?

To release digestive enzymes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gastrin in the stomach?

To stimulate the release of HCl (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile salts?

To emulsify large fat globules (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between dietary fiber and functional fiber?

Dietary fiber is found in food, while functional fiber is added to food (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gut microbiota in the colon?

To produce vitamin B and vitamin K (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a high glycemic index on the body?

It speeds up the digestion of carbohydrates (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids?

Omega-6 is pro-inflammatory, while omega-3 is anti-inflammatory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of trans fatty acids on the body?

They increase the risk of heart disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phospholipids in the body?

They are involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle of the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy is transformed from one form to another (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the coefficient of availability?

How much energy our bodies get compared to what is in a food item (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dietary fiber on metabolizable energy?

It decreases the energy content of a food item (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of daily energy expenditure accounted for by basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

60-75% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increase in energy expenditure after a meal?

Diet-induced thermogenesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone released by fat tissues that regulates energy balance?

Leptin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended blood sugar level?

5mmol/l (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which glucose is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle?

Glycogenesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of carbohydrate loading in exercise?

To optimize performance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body's energy expenditure when leptin levels decrease?

It decreases to conserve energy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of co-lipase in lipid digestion?

Reversing the inhibitory effect of bile salts on lipase activity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of apoproteins in lipids?

Distributing and exchanging lipids throughout the body (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin D?

Facilitating calcium absorption and bone health (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?

Breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin C?

Synthesizing collagen (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile in lipid digestion?

Breaking down fatty acids into micelles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin K?

Regulating blood clotting (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of copper in the body?

Converting ferrous to ferric iron (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin E?

Protecting against lipid peroxidation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chylomicrons in lipid transport?

Carrying dietary fats into the bloodstream (D) Signup and view all the answers