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Questions and Answers
What percentage of body weight is accounted for by blood?
What percentage of body weight is accounted for by blood?
What is the main component of blood plasma?
What is the main component of blood plasma?
What is the function of fibrinogen produced by the liver?
What is the function of fibrinogen produced by the liver?
What is the average volume of blood in healthy adult males?
What is the average volume of blood in healthy adult males?
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What is the primary function of plasma?
What is the primary function of plasma?
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What type of substances are produced by plasma cells during immune response?
What type of substances are produced by plasma cells during immune response?
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What is the result of a decrease in red blood cells below the normal range?
What is the result of a decrease in red blood cells below the normal range?
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What types of substances are included in non-protein nitrogenous substances?
What types of substances are included in non-protein nitrogenous substances?
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What is the hallmark of anemia?
What is the hallmark of anemia?
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What is the main reason for anemia in hemolytic anemia?
What is the main reason for anemia in hemolytic anemia?
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What is the genetic basis of thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia?
What is the genetic basis of thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia?
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What is the treatment for acute hemorrhagic anemia?
What is the treatment for acute hemorrhagic anemia?
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What is the result of marrow destruction?
What is the result of marrow destruction?
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What is the primary cause of anemia in blood loss?
What is the primary cause of anemia in blood loss?
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What is the characteristic of erythrocytes in thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia?
What is the characteristic of erythrocytes in thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia?
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What is the purpose of stem cell transplantation in marrow destruction?
What is the purpose of stem cell transplantation in marrow destruction?
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What is the primary function of plasma osmotic pressure in the blood?
What is the primary function of plasma osmotic pressure in the blood?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the body?
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What is the name of the protein that makes red blood cells red?
What is the name of the protein that makes red blood cells red?
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What is the role of homeostatic mechanisms in maintaining plasma composition?
What is the role of homeostatic mechanisms in maintaining plasma composition?
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What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adult females?
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adult females?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
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What is the function of the spectrin network in erythrocytes?
What is the function of the spectrin network in erythrocytes?
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What is the term for the proportion of red blood cells in the blood?
What is the term for the proportion of red blood cells in the blood?
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What is the percentage of carbon dioxide transported by erythrocytes?
What is the percentage of carbon dioxide transported by erythrocytes?
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What is the shape of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the shape of erythrocytes in the blood?
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What is the iron ion bound to in the heme group?
What is the iron ion bound to in the heme group?
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What is the purpose of stained smears in the examination of blood?
What is the purpose of stained smears in the examination of blood?
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What is the role of plasma proteins in the blood?
What is the role of plasma proteins in the blood?
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What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
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What is the shape of erythrocytes that allows them to pass through capillaries?
What is the shape of erythrocytes that allows them to pass through capillaries?
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What is the term for the solid components of the blood?
What is the term for the solid components of the blood?
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What is the primary reason why Mr. Chu's surgeon advises him to switch from aspirin to acetaminophen for pain control before his surgery?
What is the primary reason why Mr. Chu's surgeon advises him to switch from aspirin to acetaminophen for pain control before his surgery?
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Why would a reticulocyte count of 5% indicate that Tyler's body is trying to compensate for anemia?
Why would a reticulocyte count of 5% indicate that Tyler's body is trying to compensate for anemia?
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What is the primary reason why Mr. Watkins was given PRBCs in addition to normal saline solution?
What is the primary reason why Mr. Watkins was given PRBCs in addition to normal saline solution?
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Why was the physician able to use O negative blood before the results of the blood type test were obtained?
Why was the physician able to use O negative blood before the results of the blood type test were obtained?
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What is the primary reason why Tyler's blood test indicated that he had polycythemia?
What is the primary reason why Tyler's blood test indicated that he had polycythemia?
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What is the primary reason why paramedics infused a saline solution into Tyler?
What is the primary reason why paramedics infused a saline solution into Tyler?
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Which of the following types of blood can Mr. Watkins receive?
Which of the following types of blood can Mr. Watkins receive?
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What is the primary purpose of transfusing PRBCs?
What is the primary purpose of transfusing PRBCs?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight, with an average volume of 5-6 L (about 1.5 gallons) in healthy adult males and 4-5 L in healthy adult females.
- Blood is composed of plasma (about 90% water) and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
- Plasma contains over 100 different dissolved solutes, including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, and proteins.
Plasma Functions
- Plasma helps maintain blood osmotic pressure (the pressure that helps keep water in the bloodstream).
- Plasma transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
- Plasma composition is kept relatively constant by various homeostatic mechanisms.
Formed Elements
- The formed elements of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
- Erythrocytes are disc-shaped and vastly outnumber the other types of formed elements.
- Leukocytes are spherical and stained in various colors, while platelets appear as scattered debris.
Erythrocyte Functions
- Erythrocytes are dedicated to transporting respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
- Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, binds easily and reversibly with oxygen, carrying most oxygen in the blood.
- Normal values for hemoglobin are 13-18 grams per 100 milliliters of blood (g/100 ml) in adult males and 12-16 g/100 ml in adult females.
Anemia
- Anemia is a condition where the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism.
- It can be classified into three groups: blood loss, not enough red blood cells produced, or too many red blood cells destroyed.
- Anemia can be caused by blood loss, hemolytic anemia, or production of abnormal hemoglobin.
Hemolytic Anemia
- Hemolytic anemia occurs when erythrocytes rupture prematurely, leading to a shortage of red blood cells.
- Causes of hemolytic anemia include hemoglobin abnormalities, transfusion of mismatched blood, and certain bacterial and parasitic infections.
Hemoglobin Abnormalities
- Hemoglobin abnormalities, such as thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia, can be serious, incurable, and sometimes fatal diseases.
- These diseases occur when the globin part of hemoglobin is abnormal, leading to fragile and prematurely rupturing erythrocytes.
Blood Transfusions
- Blood transfusions can provide a stopgap treatment for anemia.
- PRBCs (packed red blood cells) can help restore blood iron composition to normal and enhance oxygen delivery to tissues.
- O negative blood can be used in emergency situations before the results of the blood type test are obtained.
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Description
This quiz covers the components of human blood, including red blood cells, antibodies, and plasma proteins. It also touches on the physical properties of blood and its percentage of body weight.
