Human Birth Timing and Hormonal Initiation
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate duration of gestational development from conception?

  • 300 days
  • 280 days
  • 252 days
  • 266 days (correct)

    • What hormonal signaling pathway may play a pivotal role in initiating birth in humans?

  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (correct)
  • Oxytocin

    • Which hormone prevents myometrium contractions during pregnancy?

  • Cortisol
  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone (correct)
  • Estrogen

    • What effect does estrogen have on myometrial smooth muscle fibers?

    <p>Increases gap junctions between fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major categories of medications provided during labour?

    <p>Analgesics and anesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are analgesics often administered?

    <p>Via intramuscularly or intravenously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common conduction anesthetic used during labour?

    <p>Epidural block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do many people today opt for birth plans which restrict the use of therapeutic drugs?

    <p>To minimize medical intervention and potential risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays crucial roles in promoting uterine contractions during labour?

    <p>Prostaglandins and oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be involved in induced labour?

    <p>Puncturing the amniotic sac and administration of synthetic oxytocin and prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are key stages of labour characterized by cervical changes?

    <p>Cervical effacement and dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the expulsion of the fetus generally last?

    <p>30 minutes to 2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the expulsion of the placenta typically last?

    <p>5-30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of births in Canada represent preterm babies?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of multiple births?

    <p>They often occur earlier than single births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be used if the fetus gets stuck in the birthing canal?

    <p>Forceps or vacuum extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of births in Canada account for Cesarean delivery?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are analgesics and anesthetics in the context of labour medications?

    <p>Analgesics are pain relievers, while anesthetics are numbing agents that cause a loss of sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major categories of medications provided during labour?

    <p>The two major categories of medications provided during labour are analgesics and anesthetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some reasons why human birth is difficult compared to other mammals?

    <p>Human birth is difficult compared to other mammals due to factors such as fetal head size being too big for the pelvis, the necessity for twisting through the birth canal, injury/infection in the carrier's perineum, presentation with the face down, and prolonged labour and delivery (34 times longer than other primates).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some 'natural' birthing methods that people opt for today?

    <p>Many people today opt for birth plans which restrict the use of therapeutic drugs and may involve birth outside of a hospital setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key roles of prostaglandins and oxytocin in promoting uterine contractions during labour?

    <p>They play crucial roles in promoting uterine contractions during labour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key stages of labour characterized by cervical changes?

    <p>Cervical effacement and dilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the expulsion of the fetus generally last?

    <p>Between 30 minutes to 2 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate duration of the expulsion of the placenta?

    <p>5-30 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of births in Canada represent preterm babies?

    <p>Approximately 8%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of births in Canada account for Cesarean delivery?

    <p>About 28%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the hormonal initiation of birth in humans.

    <p>The hormonal initiation of birth in humans is believed to be initiated through hormonal signaling pathways. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secreted by the placenta plays a pivotal role by triggering fetal pituitary and adrenal glands to secrete androgens and cortisol, which stimulates increased estrogen synthesis in the carrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the role of progesterone and estrogen in labor.

    <p>Progesterone, which is high during pregnancy, prevents myometrium contractions by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and cortisol receptors, and by reducing the number of calcium channels in uterine tissues. Estrogen has the opposite effect, increasing gap junctions between myometrial smooth muscle fibers and softening the collagen of the cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate duration of gestational development from conception?

    <p>Approximately 266 days, which is just shy of 9 months or 38 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the likely remnants from ancestral species in terms of the seasonal and temporal variation in human births?

    <p>Seasonal and temporal variation in when humans are born are likely remnants from ancestral species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analgesics are often administered via ______ or intravenously

    <p>intramuscularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conduction anesthetics are often used, the most common of which is an ______ block

    <p>epidural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to our closest relatives, and most other mammals, humans have ______ births

    <p>terrible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many people today opt for birth plans which restrict the use of therapeutic drugs and may involve birth outside of a ______ setting

    <p>hospital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen has the opposite effect on these systems. Estrogens also increase gap junctions between myometrial smooth muscle fibres and soften the collagen of the ______.

    <p>cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progesterone, which is high during pregnancy prevents myometrium contractions by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and cortisol receptors, and by reducing the number of calcium channels in uterine tissues. ______ has the opposite effect on these systems.

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the 38 weeks as a guide from conception, gestational development lasts approximately ______.

    <p>266 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In particular, it appears that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secreted by the placenta may play a pivotal role. CRH triggers fetal pituitary and adrenal glands to secret androgens and ______.

    <p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostaglandins and oxytocin play crucial roles in promoting uterine contractions during ______

    <p>labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Induced ______ may involve puncturing the amniotic sac and administration of synthetic oxytocin and prostaglandins

    <p>labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in the body, such as lightening and increased urination, occur as preparation for ______

    <p>labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cervical effacement and dilation are key stages of ______, characterized by the dislodging of the mucous plug and increasing intensity of contractions

    <p>labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expulsion of the fetus involves active pushing and generally lasts between 30 minutes to 2 ______

    <p>hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expulsion of the placenta typically lasts 5-30 minutes and involves the use of oxytocin or vasoconstricting medications if ______ occurs

    <p>hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preterm babies, born before 35 weeks, face higher risks of health complications and represent approximately 8% of births in ______

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple births often occur earlier than single births, and multiple babies may present head first or ______

    <p>breech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Difficult fetal positions, such as breech or transverse, occur in a small percentage of ______

    <p>births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forceps or vacuum extraction may be used if the fetus gets stuck in the birthing ______, with vacuum extraction carrying a higher risk of fetal scalp injury

    <p>canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cesarean delivery, accounting for about 28% of births in ______, may be elective or emergency and is performed for various reasons

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recovery from a cesarean delivery is challenging and often not aligned with the recovery time for other major abdominal ______

    <p>surgeries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stages of Labour and Delivery and Related Concepts

    • Prostaglandins and oxytocin play crucial roles in promoting uterine contractions during labour
    • Induced labour may involve puncturing the amniotic sac and administration of synthetic oxytocin and prostaglandins
    • Changes in the body, such as lightening and increased urination, occur as preparation for labour
    • Cervical effacement and dilation are key stages of labour, characterized by the dislodging of the mucous plug and increasing intensity of contractions
    • The expulsion of the fetus involves active pushing and generally lasts between 30 minutes to 2 hours
    • The expulsion of the placenta typically lasts 5-30 minutes and involves the use of oxytocin or vasoconstricting medications if hemorrhage occurs
    • Preterm babies, born before 35 weeks, face higher risks of health complications and represent approximately 8% of births in Canada
    • Multiple births often occur earlier than single births, and multiple babies may present head first or breech
    • Difficult fetal positions, such as breech or transverse, occur in a small percentage of births
    • Forceps or vacuum extraction may be used if the fetus gets stuck in the birthing canal, with vacuum extraction carrying a higher risk of fetal scalp injury
    • Cesarean delivery, accounting for about 28% of births in Canada, may be elective or emergency and is performed for various reasons
    • Recovery from a cesarean delivery is challenging and often not aligned with the recovery time for other major abdominal surgeries

    Stages of Labour and Delivery and Related Concepts

    • Prostaglandins and oxytocin play crucial roles in promoting uterine contractions during labour
    • Induced labour may involve puncturing the amniotic sac and administration of synthetic oxytocin and prostaglandins
    • Changes in the body, such as lightening and increased urination, occur as preparation for labour
    • Cervical effacement and dilation are key stages of labour, characterized by the dislodging of the mucous plug and increasing intensity of contractions
    • The expulsion of the fetus involves active pushing and generally lasts between 30 minutes to 2 hours
    • The expulsion of the placenta typically lasts 5-30 minutes and involves the use of oxytocin or vasoconstricting medications if hemorrhage occurs
    • Preterm babies, born before 35 weeks, face higher risks of health complications and represent approximately 8% of births in Canada
    • Multiple births often occur earlier than single births, and multiple babies may present head first or breech
    • Difficult fetal positions, such as breech or transverse, occur in a small percentage of births
    • Forceps or vacuum extraction may be used if the fetus gets stuck in the birthing canal, with vacuum extraction carrying a higher risk of fetal scalp injury
    • Cesarean delivery, accounting for about 28% of births in Canada, may be elective or emergency and is performed for various reasons
    • Recovery from a cesarean delivery is challenging and often not aligned with the recovery time for other major abdominal surgeries

    Stages of Labour and Delivery and Related Concepts

    • Prostaglandins and oxytocin play crucial roles in promoting uterine contractions during labour
    • Induced labour may involve puncturing the amniotic sac and administration of synthetic oxytocin and prostaglandins
    • Changes in the body, such as lightening and increased urination, occur as preparation for labour
    • Cervical effacement and dilation are key stages of labour, characterized by the dislodging of the mucous plug and increasing intensity of contractions
    • The expulsion of the fetus involves active pushing and generally lasts between 30 minutes to 2 hours
    • The expulsion of the placenta typically lasts 5-30 minutes and involves the use of oxytocin or vasoconstricting medications if hemorrhage occurs
    • Preterm babies, born before 35 weeks, face higher risks of health complications and represent approximately 8% of births in Canada
    • Multiple births often occur earlier than single births, and multiple babies may present head first or breech
    • Difficult fetal positions, such as breech or transverse, occur in a small percentage of births
    • Forceps or vacuum extraction may be used if the fetus gets stuck in the birthing canal, with vacuum extraction carrying a higher risk of fetal scalp injury
    • Cesarean delivery, accounting for about 28% of births in Canada, may be elective or emergency and is performed for various reasons
    • Recovery from a cesarean delivery is challenging and often not aligned with the recovery time for other major abdominal surgeries

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    Chapter 11 Labour and Birth PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about the timing of human birth and the hormonal initiation of labor. Learn about the approximate duration of pregnancy, the normal range of birth timing, and the potential evolutionary reasons for seasonal and temporal variations in birth. Explore the evidence related to hormonal initiation of labor in humans.

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