Human Biology: Bone Marrow and Immune System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of M1 monocytes?

Producing antibodies

Fighting against infections and foreign invaders (correct)

Presenting antigens to T cells

Healing

Which of the following phagocytic cells is involved in the phagocytosis of bone?

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Monocytes

Osteoclasts (correct)

What attracts phagocytes towards the site of infection or injury?

Cytokines

Chemokines

Chemoattractant (correct)

Antibodies

Which of the following MHC classes is present on all nucleated cells?

MHC class I Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CD4 proteins?

Recognizing antigens presented by APCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CD8 cells?

Recognizing antigens on the surface of infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells and B cells exist while awaiting activation?

The lymphatic system Signup and view all the answers

What happens after T cell activation by APCs?

T cells activate B cells, which then mature into plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone marrow is primarily responsible for producing red blood cells and most white blood cells?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Eosinophil cells in the immune system?

To modulate allergic responses and fight parasitic infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the complement system in the immune response?

To activate inflammation and label pathogens for clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

Monocytes are present in blood circulation, while macrophages are mainly found in tissues Signup and view all the answers

Where is Yellow bone marrow typically found in adults?

In the canal of the long bones Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells mature in the bone marrow or shortly after entering circulation?

Myeloid cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the complement system in relation to target cells/microbes?

To direct killing of target cells/microbes by lysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Yellow bone marrow that gives it its colour?

High fat content Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the innate immune system?

To provide a rapid, non-specific defence against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haematopoiesis in the immune system?

To generate protective cells from stem cells and precursor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells?

Totipotent stem cells can generate all cell types, while pluripotent stem cells can only generate cells within the same family Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell is capable of producing cells within a closely related family?

Multipotent Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the adaptive immune system?

To provide a highly specific defence against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Where do stem cells originate in the process of haematopoiesis?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oligopotent stem cells?

To generate a few cell types within the same family Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the innate immune system's rapid response?

To prevent the spread of infection while the adaptive immune system develops a response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Bone Marrow

Red bone marrow: produces red cells and most white blood cells, typically found at the end of bones (epiphysis) in adults
Yellow bone marrow: produces some white blood cells, typically found in the canal of long bones in adults, and has a high fat content

Eosinophil Cells

Involved in fighting parasitic infections and modulating allergic responses

Complement System

Activates inflammation
Opsonization (labelling) of pathogens and cells for clearance/destruction
Direct killing of target cells/microbes by lysis

Myeloid Cells

Many innate immune cells mature in the bone marrow or shortly after entering circulation
Maturing cells become myeloid cells

Monocytes and Macrophages

Monocytes: present in blood circulation (m1 + m2)
Macrophages: mainly found in tissues, being tissue residents
M1 Monocytes: fight against infections and foreign invaders
M2 Monocytes: involved in healing

Phagocytic Cells

4 types: monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and osteoclasts
Phagocytic cells consume invading pathogens
Chemoattractant: attracts phagocytes towards site of infection/injury

MHC 1 and MHC 2

MHC 1: on all nucleated/infected cells
MHC 2: only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
MHC is crucial for T cell maturation and function

CD4 Proteins and CD8 Cells

CD4: recognises antigens presented by APCs
CD4 + MHC 2
CD8: recognises antigens on the surface of infected cells
CD8 + MHC I

B Cell Maturation

Maturation of B cells occurs in lymph nodes

T Cell Activation

After T cell activation by APCs, Th cells (CD4 + MHC 2) are activated, and they, in turn, activate B cells
B cells mature into plasma cells, which enter the circulation

Innate Immune System vs Adaptive Immune System

Innate Immune System: present from birth, non-specific defence, rapid response, no memory of previous exposures, includes physical barriers, chemicals, and basic cellular components
Adaptive Immune System: develops over time, highly specific defence, slower response, memory, involves B cells, T cells, and antibodies, communicates with the innate system for a more specific response

Haematopoiesis

Haematopoiesis: stem cells and precursor cells develop into protective cells
Originating in the bone marrow, travel through circulation, and mature throughout the body

Types of Stem Cells

Totipotent: can generate all cell types needed for a new organism
Pluripotent: capable of producing nearly all cell types in the three germ layers
Multipotent: able to produce cells within a closely related family
Oligopotent: limited to generating a few cell types within the same family
Unipotent: can produce only one specific cell type

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of bone marrow types, their functions, and the role of eosinophil cells in fighting parasitic infections. It also touches on the complement system and its functions.