24 Questions
What is the primary function of M1 monocytes?
Fighting against infections and foreign invaders
Which of the following phagocytic cells is involved in the phagocytosis of bone?
Osteoclasts
What attracts phagocytes towards the site of infection or injury?
Chemoattractant
Which of the following MHC classes is present on all nucleated cells?
MHC class I
What is the function of CD4 proteins?
Recognizing antigens presented by APCs
What is the function of CD8 cells?
Recognizing antigens on the surface of infected cells
Where do T cells and B cells exist while awaiting activation?
The lymphatic system
What happens after T cell activation by APCs?
T cells activate B cells, which then mature into plasma cells
Which type of bone marrow is primarily responsible for producing red blood cells and most white blood cells?
Red bone marrow
What is the main function of Eosinophil cells in the immune system?
To modulate allergic responses and fight parasitic infections
What is the role of the complement system in the immune response?
To activate inflammation and label pathogens for clearance
What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?
Monocytes are present in blood circulation, while macrophages are mainly found in tissues
Where is Yellow bone marrow typically found in adults?
In the canal of the long bones
What type of cells mature in the bone marrow or shortly after entering circulation?
Myeloid cells
What is the function of the complement system in relation to target cells/microbes?
To direct killing of target cells/microbes by lysis
What is the characteristic of Yellow bone marrow that gives it its colour?
High fat content
What is the primary function of the innate immune system?
To provide a rapid, non-specific defence against pathogens
What is the role of haematopoiesis in the immune system?
To generate protective cells from stem cells and precursor cells
What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells?
Totipotent stem cells can generate all cell types, while pluripotent stem cells can only generate cells within the same family
Which type of stem cell is capable of producing cells within a closely related family?
Multipotent
What is the role of the adaptive immune system?
To provide a highly specific defence against pathogens
Where do stem cells originate in the process of haematopoiesis?
Bone marrow
What is the function of oligopotent stem cells?
To generate a few cell types within the same family
What is the purpose of the innate immune system's rapid response?
To prevent the spread of infection while the adaptive immune system develops a response
Study Notes
Types of Bone Marrow
- Red bone marrow: produces red cells and most white blood cells, typically found at the end of bones (epiphysis) in adults
- Yellow bone marrow: produces some white blood cells, typically found in the canal of long bones in adults, and has a high fat content
Eosinophil Cells
- Involved in fighting parasitic infections and modulating allergic responses
Complement System
- Activates inflammation
- Opsonization (labelling) of pathogens and cells for clearance/destruction
- Direct killing of target cells/microbes by lysis
Myeloid Cells
- Many innate immune cells mature in the bone marrow or shortly after entering circulation
- Maturing cells become myeloid cells
Monocytes and Macrophages
- Monocytes: present in blood circulation (m1 + m2)
- Macrophages: mainly found in tissues, being tissue residents
- M1 Monocytes: fight against infections and foreign invaders
- M2 Monocytes: involved in healing
Phagocytic Cells
- 4 types: monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and osteoclasts
- Phagocytic cells consume invading pathogens
- Chemoattractant: attracts phagocytes towards site of infection/injury
MHC 1 and MHC 2
- MHC 1: on all nucleated/infected cells
- MHC 2: only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
- MHC is crucial for T cell maturation and function
CD4 Proteins and CD8 Cells
- CD4: recognises antigens presented by APCs
- CD4 + MHC 2
- CD8: recognises antigens on the surface of infected cells
- CD8 + MHC I
B Cell Maturation
- Maturation of B cells occurs in lymph nodes
T Cell Activation
- After T cell activation by APCs, Th cells (CD4 + MHC 2) are activated, and they, in turn, activate B cells
- B cells mature into plasma cells, which enter the circulation
Innate Immune System vs Adaptive Immune System
- Innate Immune System: present from birth, non-specific defence, rapid response, no memory of previous exposures, includes physical barriers, chemicals, and basic cellular components
- Adaptive Immune System: develops over time, highly specific defence, slower response, memory, involves B cells, T cells, and antibodies, communicates with the innate system for a more specific response
Haematopoiesis
- Haematopoiesis: stem cells and precursor cells develop into protective cells
- Originating in the bone marrow, travel through circulation, and mature throughout the body
Types of Stem Cells
- Totipotent: can generate all cell types needed for a new organism
- Pluripotent: capable of producing nearly all cell types in the three germ layers
- Multipotent: able to produce cells within a closely related family
- Oligopotent: limited to generating a few cell types within the same family
- Unipotent: can produce only one specific cell type
This quiz covers the basics of bone marrow types, their functions, and the role of eosinophil cells in fighting parasitic infections. It also touches on the complement system and its functions.
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