Human Biology: Blood and Extracellular Fluids

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main extracellular fluids of the body?

Plasma, serum, lymph

Blood, lymph, mucus

Blood, interstitial fluid, lymph (correct)

Blood, urine, interstitial fluid

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

Clot blood

Fight infections

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)

Transport hormones

What is the percentage of blood plasma in the total composition of blood?

45%

75%

65%

55% (correct)

Which component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood plasma?

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pH range of blood?

7.35 - 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What function does fibrinogen serve in blood plasma?

Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell helps in fighting infections?

Leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body mass does blood account for?

8% Signup and view all the answers

Granules that do not retain acidic or basic dyes are characteristic of which type of leukocyte?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for defending against parasitic infections?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What component do basophils release to promote inflammation?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte has a kidney-shaped nucleus and differentiates into macrophages?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream to the site of tissue damage?

Emigration Signup and view all the answers

What do neutrophils primarily release at the site of a bacterial infection?

Lysozyme Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cell lineage gives rise to lymphocytes?

Lymphoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins expressed by all WBCs?

To identify cells as self Signup and view all the answers

The process of blood clot formation is known as?

Coagulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the hemostasis process?

Red blood cell activation Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical released by platelets promotes vasoconstriction during hemostasis?

Thromboxane A2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of platelets?

5-9 days Signup and view all the answers

What type of WBC is primarily involved in fighting viral infections and cancer cells?

T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term chemotaxis in the context of WBC movement?

Movement toward chemical signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the average adult hematocrit level?

47 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Increase erythrocyte production Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells are blood cells initially derived from?

Pluripotent stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component has no organelles and is anucleate?

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of low hematocrit levels?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What type of leukocytes are responsible for phagocytosis?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which of these hormones is involved in stimulating the formation of platelets?

Thrombopoietin Signup and view all the answers

What process is described as the formation of blood cells?

Hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of carbonic anhydrase found in erythrocytes?

To catalyze CO2 conversion Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin bind at maximum?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What part of hemoglobin is iron contained in?

Heme Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte type is considered agranular?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental condition that stimulates erythropoiesis?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

Where is red bone marrow primarily located?

In the epiphysis of long bones Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is activated by contact with collagen during the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

Factor XII Signup and view all the answers

What external substance activates factor X in the extrinsic pathway?

Tissue Factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the cleavage of prothrombin in the clotting process?

Production of thrombin Signup and view all the answers

What condition may occur if blood clots form too easily?

Thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

Which antigens are primarily involved in ABO blood typing?

Glycolipid Signup and view all the answers

What happens when agglutinins encounter erythrocytes with matching antigens?

Agglutination occurs Signup and view all the answers

What defines anemia?

Insufficient healthy red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What genetic mutation is responsible for sickle cell disease?

Point mutation in a globin gene Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by too many erythrocytes in the blood?

Polycythemia Signup and view all the answers

What risk does an Rh- mother face when conceiving a second Rh+ child after having an Rh+ first child?

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is administered to prevent Rh incompatibility in at-risk mothers?

Anti-gamma globulins (RhoGam) Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a deficiency in vitamin B12?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What happens if platelets are activated upon contact with connective tissue?

Clotting process begins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of thrombin in blood clotting?

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What may occur due to excessive blood loss from hemophilia?

Anemia and shock Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Extracellular Fluids

Blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph are the three extracellular fluids of the body.
Nutrients move from blood to interstitial fluid to cells of tissues.

Blood Function

Blood is composed of formed elements and a liquid ECM called blood plasma.
Responsible for transportation, regulation, and protection.
Makes up 8% of total body mass.

Blood Composition

Blood plasma: contains dissolved substances, mostly proteins.
- Albumin: maintains osmotic pressure.
- Globulins: includes antibodies and transport proteins.
- Fibrinogen: functions in blood clotting.
Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Formed Elements

Erythrocytes (RBCs): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Leukocytes (WBCs): fight infection and invasion.
Platelets: anucleate cell fragments, responsible for blood clotting.

Hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.
Normal range: 40-65%
Low hematocrit (anemia) indicates a low count of red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen carrying capacity.
High hematocrit (polycythemia) can lead to thickened blood, increasing risk of blood clots.

Blood Cell Formation

Hemopoiesis: process of blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow.
Begins with pluripotent stem cells, which differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.
Myeloid stem cells produce erythrocytes, platelets, and some types of leukocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes.

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells.
Regulated by a negative feedback loop involving erythropoietin (EPO) hormone.
EPO is secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.
EPO stimulates the production of erythrocyte precursors in the red bone marrow.

Leukocyte Function

WBCs defend the body from infection and invasion.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins present in all leukocytes.
Mucous membranes trap invaders and cilia sweep them away from tissues.

Granular Leukocytes

Neutrophils: phagocytic cells, defend against bacterial infections.
Eosinophils: defend against parasites.
Basophils: release histamine, involved in inflammatory responses.

Agranular Leukocytes

Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies.
T lymphocytes and natural killer cells fight viral-infected and cancerous cells.
Monocytes: differentiate into macrophages or fuse to form osteoclasts, responsible for engulfing debris and pathogens.

Platelet Formation

Myeloid stem cells exposed to thrombopoietin (TPO) develop into megakaryoblasts.
Megakaryoblasts mature into megakaryocytes, which splinter into platelet fragments.

Hemostasis

Prevents hemorrhage.
Consists of three steps: Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation).

Vascular Spasm

Contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels, reducing blood flow.
Triggered by damaged smooth muscle or activated platelets.

Platelet Plug Formation

Platelets adhere to the damaged vessel wall.
Activated platelets release chemicals, causing vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.

Blood Clot Formation

Platelet plug reinforces by fibrin protein fibers.
Requires clotting factors, including calcium ions.
Intrinsic pathway: activated by contact with collagen.
Extrinsic pathway: initiated by tissue factor release from damaged blood vessel cells.

Blood Clotting Regulation

Tightly controlled to prevent thrombosis (clots forming too easily) and hemorrhage (clots not forming properly).
Thrombosis can lead to embolism, potentially causing stroke or pulmonary embolism.

ABO Blood Groups

Blood typing based on glycolipid antigens in erythrocyte plasma membranes.
Agglutinins: antibodies that bind to A and B antigens.
Individuals make antibodies against foreign antigens.
Blood transfusion compatibility depends on the presence or absence of these antigens and antibodies.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

Rhesus (Rh) factor: protein antigen expressed by some erythrocytes.
Rh- individuals do not express the antigen, but can develop anti-Rh antibodies after exposure.
If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus, Rh+ antigens can trigger the production of anti-Rh antibodies in the mother.
These antibodies can cross the placenta and agglutinate fetal erythrocytes, causing HDN.

Other Blood Disorders

Anemia: insufficient red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin, reducing oxygen carrying capacity.
Sickle Cell Disease: genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to misshapen red blood cells.
Hemophilia: inherited disorder causing a deficiency in clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding.
Polycythemia: excessive red blood cells, leading to thickened blood and increased risk of blood clots.

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Description

This quiz covers the components and functions of blood, including its role in transportation, regulation, and protection. It also explores extracellular fluids such as interstitial fluid and lymph, along with the composition and types of formed elements in blood. Test your knowledge on these essential aspects of human physiology.