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Questions and Answers
What are the three main extracellular fluids of the body?
What are the three main extracellular fluids of the body?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the percentage of blood plasma in the total composition of blood?
What is the percentage of blood plasma in the total composition of blood?
Which component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood plasma?
Which component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood plasma?
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What is the main pH range of blood?
What is the main pH range of blood?
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What function does fibrinogen serve in blood plasma?
What function does fibrinogen serve in blood plasma?
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Which type of blood cell helps in fighting infections?
Which type of blood cell helps in fighting infections?
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What percentage of total body mass does blood account for?
What percentage of total body mass does blood account for?
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Granules that do not retain acidic or basic dyes are characteristic of which type of leukocyte?
Granules that do not retain acidic or basic dyes are characteristic of which type of leukocyte?
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Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for defending against parasitic infections?
Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for defending against parasitic infections?
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What component do basophils release to promote inflammation?
What component do basophils release to promote inflammation?
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Which type of leukocyte has a kidney-shaped nucleus and differentiates into macrophages?
Which type of leukocyte has a kidney-shaped nucleus and differentiates into macrophages?
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What is the term for the movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream to the site of tissue damage?
What is the term for the movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream to the site of tissue damage?
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What do neutrophils primarily release at the site of a bacterial infection?
What do neutrophils primarily release at the site of a bacterial infection?
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What type of stem cell lineage gives rise to lymphocytes?
What type of stem cell lineage gives rise to lymphocytes?
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What is the primary function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins expressed by all WBCs?
What is the primary function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins expressed by all WBCs?
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The process of blood clot formation is known as?
The process of blood clot formation is known as?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the hemostasis process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the hemostasis process?
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Which chemical released by platelets promotes vasoconstriction during hemostasis?
Which chemical released by platelets promotes vasoconstriction during hemostasis?
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What is the lifespan of platelets?
What is the lifespan of platelets?
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What type of WBC is primarily involved in fighting viral infections and cancer cells?
What type of WBC is primarily involved in fighting viral infections and cancer cells?
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What defines the term chemotaxis in the context of WBC movement?
What defines the term chemotaxis in the context of WBC movement?
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What is the average adult hematocrit level?
What is the average adult hematocrit level?
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What is the main function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the main function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
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What type of stem cells are blood cells initially derived from?
What type of stem cells are blood cells initially derived from?
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Which blood component has no organelles and is anucleate?
Which blood component has no organelles and is anucleate?
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What is a consequence of low hematocrit levels?
What is a consequence of low hematocrit levels?
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What type of leukocytes are responsible for phagocytosis?
What type of leukocytes are responsible for phagocytosis?
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Which of these hormones is involved in stimulating the formation of platelets?
Which of these hormones is involved in stimulating the formation of platelets?
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What process is described as the formation of blood cells?
What process is described as the formation of blood cells?
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What is the main role of carbonic anhydrase found in erythrocytes?
What is the main role of carbonic anhydrase found in erythrocytes?
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How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin bind at maximum?
How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin bind at maximum?
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What part of hemoglobin is iron contained in?
What part of hemoglobin is iron contained in?
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Which leukocyte type is considered agranular?
Which leukocyte type is considered agranular?
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What is the primary environmental condition that stimulates erythropoiesis?
What is the primary environmental condition that stimulates erythropoiesis?
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Where is red bone marrow primarily located?
Where is red bone marrow primarily located?
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Which factor is activated by contact with collagen during the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
Which factor is activated by contact with collagen during the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
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What external substance activates factor X in the extrinsic pathway?
What external substance activates factor X in the extrinsic pathway?
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What is the result of the cleavage of prothrombin in the clotting process?
What is the result of the cleavage of prothrombin in the clotting process?
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What condition may occur if blood clots form too easily?
What condition may occur if blood clots form too easily?
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Which antigens are primarily involved in ABO blood typing?
Which antigens are primarily involved in ABO blood typing?
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What happens when agglutinins encounter erythrocytes with matching antigens?
What happens when agglutinins encounter erythrocytes with matching antigens?
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What defines anemia?
What defines anemia?
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What genetic mutation is responsible for sickle cell disease?
What genetic mutation is responsible for sickle cell disease?
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Which condition is characterized by too many erythrocytes in the blood?
Which condition is characterized by too many erythrocytes in the blood?
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What risk does an Rh- mother face when conceiving a second Rh+ child after having an Rh+ first child?
What risk does an Rh- mother face when conceiving a second Rh+ child after having an Rh+ first child?
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What treatment is administered to prevent Rh incompatibility in at-risk mothers?
What treatment is administered to prevent Rh incompatibility in at-risk mothers?
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What can result from a deficiency in vitamin B12?
What can result from a deficiency in vitamin B12?
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What happens if platelets are activated upon contact with connective tissue?
What happens if platelets are activated upon contact with connective tissue?
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What is the primary role of thrombin in blood clotting?
What is the primary role of thrombin in blood clotting?
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What may occur due to excessive blood loss from hemophilia?
What may occur due to excessive blood loss from hemophilia?
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Study Notes
Extracellular Fluids
- Blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph are the three extracellular fluids of the body.
- Nutrients move from blood to interstitial fluid to cells of tissues.
Blood Function
- Blood is composed of formed elements and a liquid ECM called blood plasma.
- Responsible for transportation, regulation, and protection.
- Makes up 8% of total body mass.
Blood Composition
- Blood plasma: contains dissolved substances, mostly proteins.
- Albumin: maintains osmotic pressure.
- Globulins: includes antibodies and transport proteins.
- Fibrinogen: functions in blood clotting.
- Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes (RBCs): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Leukocytes (WBCs): fight infection and invasion.
- Platelets: anucleate cell fragments, responsible for blood clotting.
Hematocrit
- Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.
- Normal range: 40-65%
- Low hematocrit (anemia) indicates a low count of red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen carrying capacity.
- High hematocrit (polycythemia) can lead to thickened blood, increasing risk of blood clots.
Blood Cell Formation
- Hemopoiesis: process of blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow.
- Begins with pluripotent stem cells, which differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.
- Myeloid stem cells produce erythrocytes, platelets, and some types of leukocytes.
- Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes.
Erythropoiesis
- Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells.
- Regulated by a negative feedback loop involving erythropoietin (EPO) hormone.
- EPO is secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.
- EPO stimulates the production of erythrocyte precursors in the red bone marrow.
Leukocyte Function
- WBCs defend the body from infection and invasion.
- Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins present in all leukocytes.
- Mucous membranes trap invaders and cilia sweep them away from tissues.
Granular Leukocytes
- Neutrophils: phagocytic cells, defend against bacterial infections.
- Eosinophils: defend against parasites.
- Basophils: release histamine, involved in inflammatory responses.
Agranular Leukocytes
- Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies.
- T lymphocytes and natural killer cells fight viral-infected and cancerous cells.
- Monocytes: differentiate into macrophages or fuse to form osteoclasts, responsible for engulfing debris and pathogens.
Platelet Formation
- Myeloid stem cells exposed to thrombopoietin (TPO) develop into megakaryoblasts.
- Megakaryoblasts mature into megakaryocytes, which splinter into platelet fragments.
Hemostasis
- Prevents hemorrhage.
- Consists of three steps: Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation).
Vascular Spasm
- Contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels, reducing blood flow.
- Triggered by damaged smooth muscle or activated platelets.
Platelet Plug Formation
- Platelets adhere to the damaged vessel wall.
- Activated platelets release chemicals, causing vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.
Blood Clot Formation
- Platelet plug reinforces by fibrin protein fibers.
- Requires clotting factors, including calcium ions.
- Intrinsic pathway: activated by contact with collagen.
- Extrinsic pathway: initiated by tissue factor release from damaged blood vessel cells.
Blood Clotting Regulation
- Tightly controlled to prevent thrombosis (clots forming too easily) and hemorrhage (clots not forming properly).
- Thrombosis can lead to embolism, potentially causing stroke or pulmonary embolism.
ABO Blood Groups
- Blood typing based on glycolipid antigens in erythrocyte plasma membranes.
- Agglutinins: antibodies that bind to A and B antigens.
- Individuals make antibodies against foreign antigens.
- Blood transfusion compatibility depends on the presence or absence of these antigens and antibodies.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Rhesus (Rh) factor: protein antigen expressed by some erythrocytes.
- Rh- individuals do not express the antigen, but can develop anti-Rh antibodies after exposure.
- If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus, Rh+ antigens can trigger the production of anti-Rh antibodies in the mother.
- These antibodies can cross the placenta and agglutinate fetal erythrocytes, causing HDN.
Other Blood Disorders
- Anemia: insufficient red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin, reducing oxygen carrying capacity.
- Sickle Cell Disease: genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to misshapen red blood cells.
- Hemophilia: inherited disorder causing a deficiency in clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding.
- Polycythemia: excessive red blood cells, leading to thickened blood and increased risk of blood clots.
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Description
This quiz covers the components and functions of blood, including its role in transportation, regulation, and protection. It also explores extracellular fluids such as interstitial fluid and lymph, along with the composition and types of formed elements in blood. Test your knowledge on these essential aspects of human physiology.
