58 Questions
According to William James, instincts are motivators of behavior and come from within the organism, leading to the initiation of behavior. This view is associated with which instinct theory?
Psychological instinct theory
Which type of behavior is not flexible to learning according to ethological instinct theory?
Consummatory behavior
In Clark Leonard Hull's drive theory, what maintains internal equilibrium and provides the energy to do things?
Homeostasis
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what type of problems require high motivation?
Simple problems
According to Edward Tolman, is drive reduction necessary for learning?
No, it is not necessary
What type of learning involves a decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentation of a stimulus that elicits the response?
Non-associative learning
What causes an increase in response occurring upon repeated presentation of a stimulus that reliably elicits the response?
Sensitization
What is involved in Gill withdrawal, resulting in more permanent changes after five shocks?
Growth of new synapses at sensory neuron
According to Hull's Model, what will become stronger if followed by satisfying events?
Stimulus response associations
What is the main role of drive in Hull's drive theory?
To energize behavior to reduce need
Which theory proposes that instincts are behaviors with survival value encoded in genes and are sensitive to changes in the environment?
Biological instinct theory
What is the term for the decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentation of a stimulus that elicits the response?
Habituation
What is the process that allows us to predict things about learning?
Formal cause
Which part of the nervous system is composed of neurons?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
What triggers neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane into the synapse?
Depolarization
In vertebrates, how is the CNS organized?
Into nuclei and other structures
What is the focus of the General-Process Approach to the Study of Learning?
Commonalities of various instances of learning
What is the methodological implication of the General-Process Approach?
Apparent rules in any species or scenario
What is the rationale for the use of nonhuman animals in research on learning?
To study strong emotional reactions and their involvement in learning
What is the main argument in the public debate about research with nonhuman animals?
Ethical concerns about animal welfare
What constitutes the ethical treatment of animals in research?
Best interest for the animals, not just for human comfort
What is the argument against using animals for human benefit?
Animals have no right to be exploited
What is the term for a temporary reduction in sensitivity of sensory neurons and organs to react to a stimulus due to repeated or excessive exposure?
Sensory adaptation
Which neurobiological change is specific to habituation and not present in sensory adaptation and response fatigue?
Interneuronal changes
What is the term for an increase in the elicited response to a given stimuli from repeated exposure or a very strong exposure?
Sensitization
Which effect is characterized by an initial sensitization effect followed by habituation?
Sensitization
What is the term for the return to responding at normal levels after a rest period following habituation or sensitization?
Spontaneous recovery
Which type of habituation occurs if stimuli are widely spaced, for example, 24 hours or longer?
Long-term habituation
What is the defense reaction to potential or actual attack, characterized by sudden jump, tensing of muscles, and blinking?
Startle response
What occurs from arousal and intensifies an experience, which could be pleasant or not?
Sensitization
Which type of image had a decreased response due to habituation in the experiment with human infants?
Less visually complex (4x4) image
What is the term for a decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentation of a stimulus that elicits the response?
Habituation
Which type of learning involves a decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentation of a stimulus that elicits the response?
Habituation
What is the term for not all response decrement due to habituation, outside of the nervous system in muscles and sense organs?
Response fatigue
What are the alternatives to animal research mentioned in the text?
Replacement, reduction, and refinement
What are examples of elicited behavior mentioned in the text?
Learning responses, complex emotions, and innate behavior systems
What are examples of nursing reflexes mentioned in the text?
Suckling and milk-letdown reflex
What are Modal Action Patterns (MAPs) according to the text?
Basic units of behavior exhibited by most members of the same species
What can trigger Modal Action Patterns (MAPs) according to the text?
Specific initiating stimuli
What can traumatic events elicit in animals according to the text?
Strong defensive MAPs
What influences social and sexual behavior in animals according to the text?
Sensory stimuli like olfactory, tactile, and visual cues
What can enhance natural sign stimuli in animals according to the text?
Cosmetics
Is behavior solely instinctive or learned according to the text?
No, genes require environmental input to produce inherited behavior
How is behavior organized according to the text?
Into sequences, with appetitive behavior leading to consummatory behavior, shaped by learning
What can repeated stimulation lead to according to the text?
Habituation
What is the reflex mentioned in vertebrates involving a three-neuron system?
The reflex with an eliciting stimulus and corresponding response
What is the concept that proposes an inverse relationship between task difficulty and optimal motivation levels?
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Who proposed the role of drive as a source of energy for behavior and its association with maintaining homeostasis?
Clark Leonard Hull
Which historical figure's work is associated with the study of reflexes, along with Charles Bell and Francois Magendie?
Ivan Pavlov
What is the enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior resulting from prior experience known as?
Learning
Which philosophical approach is associated with the belief that behavior is driven by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain?
Hedonism
Who proposed the idea of latent learning and the role of drive reduction in learning?
Edward Tolman
Which concept refers to the decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentation of a stimulus that elicits the response?
Habituation
What is the term for the increase in response occurring upon repeated presentation of a stimulus that reliably elicits the response?
Sensitization
Which theory proposes that instincts are behaviors with survival value encoded in genes and are sensitive to changes in the environment?
Nativism
What is the term for the decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentation of a stimulus that elicits the response?
Habituation
Which approach emphasizes that behavior is shaped by the association between stimuli and responses?
Associationism
What is the concept that proposes the relationship between motivation, drive, and behavior, as put forth by Clark Leonard Hull?
Drive Reduction Theory
Study Notes
Understanding Behavior and Learning
- Different theories of instinctual behavior, including psychological and biological perspectives, and the role of environment in learned behaviors
- The concept of drive as a source of energy for behavior and its association with maintaining homeostasis
- The relationship between motivation, drive, and behavior, as proposed by Clark Leonard Hull
- The Yerkes-Dodson Law and its inverse relationship between task difficulty and optimal motivation levels
- The idea of latent learning and the role of drive reduction in learning, as proposed by Edward Tolman
- The concepts of non-associative learning, including habituation and sensitization, and their short-term and long-term effects
- Historical antecedents in the study of behavior, including the roots in the philosophy of Descartes and the development of reflexology
- The philosophical approaches of nativism, empiricism, hedonism, and association in understanding behavior
- The historical developments in the study of reflexes, including the work of Charles Bell, Francois Magendie, and Ivan Pavlov
- The dawn of the modern era in the study of behavior, including the three sources of interest in comparative cognition, functional neurology, and animal models of human behavior
- The importance of animal models in understanding human behavior, especially in the context of drug development and machine learning
- The definition of learning as an enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior resulting from prior experience, and the distinction between learning and performance
Test your knowledge of human behavior and instincts with this quiz. Explore the concepts of instinctual and learned behaviors, instinct theories by William James and ethology, and the role of drives and biological factors in shaping behavior.
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