Human A&P Urinary Set Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? (Select all that apply)

Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra (correct)

Renal pelvis, calyx, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder

Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Renal pelvis, calyx, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

Renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.

Stops

Decreases

Has a variable effect on

Increases (correct)

Does not change

Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by:

Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole only

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only

Both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

Both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole (correct)

None of the above

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _ and by _.

Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting the renal artery Signup and view all the answers

An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is:

Microscopic projections called microvilli Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration.

Decrease Signup and view all the answers

The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including:

The same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.

180 Signup and view all the answers

An increase in urine volume is termed:

Diuresis Signup and view all the answers

If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ___________ increases.

The osmotic concentration Signup and view all the answers

Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.

Aquaporins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a diuretic?

Chocolate Signup and view all the answers

Linda drinks a 28-ounce venti sugar-free vanilla nonfat caffe latte on her way to work, and has to urinate about a half hour later. This is most likely because:

Caffeine is a diuretic Signup and view all the answers

After work, Linda relaxes by drinking two beers, and soon has to urinate. The alcohol is a diuretic because it:

Inhibits ADH secretion Signup and view all the answers

A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is:

Urea Signup and view all the answers

A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is:

Uric acid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary System Overview

Kidneys' Functions: Maintain volume, pH, and composition of body fluids; remove metabolic wastes and excess chemicals; do not synthesize plasma proteins.
Organs of the Urinary System: Comprised of paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.

Nephron Structure and Function

Nephron Components: Consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) and a renal tubule.
Filtration Process: Initial capillary bed filters substances; subsequent segments reabsorb ions and nutrients selectively.

Ion and Water Transport Mechanisms

Sodium and Chloride Reabsorption: Sodium is actively transported, with chloride reabsorbed passively, especially in the renal tubule.
Hormonal Regulation: ADH promotes water reabsorption primarily in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct; aldosterone conserves sodium and water.

Urine Composition and Abnormalities

Normal Constituents: Urea, uric acid, and creatinine are typical urine components; abnormal constituents are not present in normal urine.
Gout Disease: Associated with high uric acid levels in plasma, leading to discomfort and potential joint issues.

Glomerular Filtration Dynamics

Filtration Rates: Increased blood pressure enhances glomerular filtration rates; decreased pressure leads to a drop in filtration efficiency.
Osmotic Pressure's Role: An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure correlates with increased filtration rates.

Kidney Function Over Time: Kidney shrinkage and decreased glomeruli contribute to aging-related decline in function; significant morphological changes start as early as age 20.

Micturition Control

Micturition Reflex Center: Located in the sacral segments of the spinal cord, its control involves the brainstem and cerebral cortex to manage urinary release consciously.
Nocturnal Enuresis: Commonly referred to as bedwetting, often linked to developmental factors in infants.

Urinary Disorders and Conditions

Infections and Risks: Females face a higher risk of urinary tract infections due to shorter urethra length compared to males.
Kidney Stones: Typically composed of uric acid, calcium oxalate, or phosphate, but rarely cholesterol.

Kidney Transplant and Dialysis

Transplant Procedure: The donor kidney's renal artery and vein are connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein.
Dialysis: Known as an artificial kidney, it performs the filtration function when kidneys fail.

Miscellaneous Facts

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Regulates glomerular filtration rate through afferent arteriole dilation and renin-angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction.
Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy: A non-invasive method to treat kidney stones effectively.

Important Definitions

Detrusor Muscle: Located in the urinary bladder, facilitating urine storage and expulsion.
Trigone: A triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder, marking the entry points of the ureters.

Study Tip

Focus on understanding the relationships and functions of different parts of the urinary system, and familiarize yourself with the implications of changes due to age and health conditions.### Glomerular Filtration and Composition
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure decrease reduces glomerular filtration rate.
Glomerular filtrate mirrors plasma composition, excluding larger protein molecules.
Daily glomerular filtration volume is approximately 180 liters.

Increased urine volume is referred to as diuresis.
If glucose is not reabsorbed, osmotic concentration in tubular fluid increases.

Water Channels and Diuretics

Water channels in cell membranes, known as aquaporins, respond to ADH signaling.
Caffeine functions as a diuretic, prompting increased urination.
Alcohol acts as a diuretic by inhibiting ADH secretion; thus, promoting urination.

Metabolism By-Products

Urea is a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver.
Uric acid results from the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases.

Diuretic Substances

Caffeine, alcohol, and certain medications are diuretics; chocolate is not classified as a diuretic.

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Description

Dive into the intricacies of human anatomy and physiology with this urinary system focused flashcard set. Perfect for students studying renal function and mechanisms of ion transport. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of how the kidneys operate.