Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? (Select all that apply)
An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.
An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.
Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by:
Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by:
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _____ and by _____.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _____ and by _____.
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An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is:
An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is:
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A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration.
A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration.
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The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including:
The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including:
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Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.
Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.
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An increase in urine volume is termed:
An increase in urine volume is termed:
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If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ___________ increases.
If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ___________ increases.
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Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.
Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.
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Which of the following is not a diuretic?
Which of the following is not a diuretic?
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Linda drinks a 28-ounce venti sugar-free vanilla nonfat caffe latte on her way to work, and has to urinate about a half hour later. This is most likely because:
Linda drinks a 28-ounce venti sugar-free vanilla nonfat caffe latte on her way to work, and has to urinate about a half hour later. This is most likely because:
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After work, Linda relaxes by drinking two beers, and soon has to urinate. The alcohol is a diuretic because it:
After work, Linda relaxes by drinking two beers, and soon has to urinate. The alcohol is a diuretic because it:
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A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is:
A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is:
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A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is:
A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is:
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Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- Kidneys' Functions: Maintain volume, pH, and composition of body fluids; remove metabolic wastes and excess chemicals; do not synthesize plasma proteins.
- Organs of the Urinary System: Comprised of paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.
Nephron Structure and Function
- Nephron Components: Consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) and a renal tubule.
- Filtration Process: Initial capillary bed filters substances; subsequent segments reabsorb ions and nutrients selectively.
Ion and Water Transport Mechanisms
- Sodium and Chloride Reabsorption: Sodium is actively transported, with chloride reabsorbed passively, especially in the renal tubule.
- Hormonal Regulation: ADH promotes water reabsorption primarily in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct; aldosterone conserves sodium and water.
Urine Composition and Abnormalities
- Normal Constituents: Urea, uric acid, and creatinine are typical urine components; abnormal constituents are not present in normal urine.
- Gout Disease: Associated with high uric acid levels in plasma, leading to discomfort and potential joint issues.
Glomerular Filtration Dynamics
- Filtration Rates: Increased blood pressure enhances glomerular filtration rates; decreased pressure leads to a drop in filtration efficiency.
- Osmotic Pressure's Role: An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure correlates with increased filtration rates.
Age-Related Changes in the Urinary System
- Kidney Function Over Time: Kidney shrinkage and decreased glomeruli contribute to aging-related decline in function; significant morphological changes start as early as age 20.
Micturition Control
- Micturition Reflex Center: Located in the sacral segments of the spinal cord, its control involves the brainstem and cerebral cortex to manage urinary release consciously.
- Nocturnal Enuresis: Commonly referred to as bedwetting, often linked to developmental factors in infants.
Urinary Disorders and Conditions
- Infections and Risks: Females face a higher risk of urinary tract infections due to shorter urethra length compared to males.
- Kidney Stones: Typically composed of uric acid, calcium oxalate, or phosphate, but rarely cholesterol.
Kidney Transplant and Dialysis
- Transplant Procedure: The donor kidney's renal artery and vein are connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein.
- Dialysis: Known as an artificial kidney, it performs the filtration function when kidneys fail.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Regulates glomerular filtration rate through afferent arteriole dilation and renin-angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction.
- Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy: A non-invasive method to treat kidney stones effectively.
Important Definitions
- Detrusor Muscle: Located in the urinary bladder, facilitating urine storage and expulsion.
- Trigone: A triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder, marking the entry points of the ureters.
Study Tip
- Focus on understanding the relationships and functions of different parts of the urinary system, and familiarize yourself with the implications of changes due to age and health conditions.### Glomerular Filtration and Composition
- Glomerular hydrostatic pressure decrease reduces glomerular filtration rate.
- Glomerular filtrate mirrors plasma composition, excluding larger protein molecules.
- Daily glomerular filtration volume is approximately 180 liters.
Urine Volume and Related Terminology
- Increased urine volume is referred to as diuresis.
- If glucose is not reabsorbed, osmotic concentration in tubular fluid increases.
Water Channels and Diuretics
- Water channels in cell membranes, known as aquaporins, respond to ADH signaling.
- Caffeine functions as a diuretic, prompting increased urination.
- Alcohol acts as a diuretic by inhibiting ADH secretion; thus, promoting urination.
Metabolism By-Products
- Urea is a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver.
- Uric acid results from the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases.
Diuretic Substances
- Caffeine, alcohol, and certain medications are diuretics; chocolate is not classified as a diuretic.
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Description
Dive into the intricacies of human anatomy and physiology with this urinary system focused flashcard set. Perfect for students studying renal function and mechanisms of ion transport. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of how the kidneys operate.
