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Questions and Answers
The tibia is also known as the shin bone and is a smaller bone compared to the fibula.
The tibia is also known as the shin bone and is a smaller bone compared to the fibula.
False
The lateral malleolus is a feature found on the fibula.
The lateral malleolus is a feature found on the fibula.
True
Cartilaginous joints are characterized by engaging pieces of bone directly without any cartilage.
Cartilaginous joints are characterized by engaging pieces of bone directly without any cartilage.
False
The fibula is solely responsible for weight bearing in the leg.
The fibula is solely responsible for weight bearing in the leg.
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The study of joints is referred to as arthrology.
The study of joints is referred to as arthrology.
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The thoracic cage consists of the sternum, ribs, and their costal cartilages.
The thoracic cage consists of the sternum, ribs, and their costal cartilages.
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The rib pairs numbered 1-7 are referred to as false ribs.
The rib pairs numbered 1-7 are referred to as false ribs.
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The cervical vertebra labeled as C2 is known as the atlas.
The cervical vertebra labeled as C2 is known as the atlas.
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The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and strongest unfused bones in the vertebral column.
The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and strongest unfused bones in the vertebral column.
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The xiphoid process is the largest part of the sternum.
The xiphoid process is the largest part of the sternum.
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Kyphosis can be progressively increased due to aging.
Kyphosis can be progressively increased due to aging.
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The coccyx is formed by the union of five coccygeal bones.
The coccyx is formed by the union of five coccygeal bones.
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The 11th and 12th rib pairs are known as floating ribs.
The 11th and 12th rib pairs are known as floating ribs.
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The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs attach directly to the 7th rib cartilage.
The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs attach directly to the 7th rib cartilage.
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The upper extremity consists of 40 bones in total in one arm.
The upper extremity consists of 40 bones in total in one arm.
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The pectoral girdle articulates directly with the axial skeleton.
The pectoral girdle articulates directly with the axial skeleton.
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The clavicle is considered the most frequently fractured bone in the body.
The clavicle is considered the most frequently fractured bone in the body.
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The ulna is located on the lateral side of the forearm.
The ulna is located on the lateral side of the forearm.
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The radius is larger than the ulna in the human forearm.
The radius is larger than the ulna in the human forearm.
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The triqetum bone in the wrist is named because it is three-sided.
The triqetum bone in the wrist is named because it is three-sided.
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The proximal row of carpals includes the scaphoid and lunate bones.
The proximal row of carpals includes the scaphoid and lunate bones.
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The pelvic girdle consists of three hip bones.
The pelvic girdle consists of three hip bones.
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The thumb, or pollex, has three phalanges.
The thumb, or pollex, has three phalanges.
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Sutures are characterized by a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue.
Sutures are characterized by a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue.
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Epiphyseal cartilage is involved in the growth of joints.
Epiphyseal cartilage is involved in the growth of joints.
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A syndesmosis joint allows for greater movement than a suture joint.
A syndesmosis joint allows for greater movement than a suture joint.
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The pubic symphysis is an example of a synovial joint.
The pubic symphysis is an example of a synovial joint.
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Interosseous membranes permit limited movement between certain bones.
Interosseous membranes permit limited movement between certain bones.
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Synovial joints have an articular cavity between the articulating bones.
Synovial joints have an articular cavity between the articulating bones.
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Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones in fibrous joints.
Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones in fibrous joints.
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Symphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage and connected by a disc of fibrous cartilage.
Symphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage and connected by a disc of fibrous cartilage.
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The hinge joint allows for rotational movement between bones.
The hinge joint allows for rotational movement between bones.
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The atlanto-axial joint is an example of a pivot joint.
The atlanto-axial joint is an example of a pivot joint.
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Ellipsoid joints permit multiaxial movement.
Ellipsoid joints permit multiaxial movement.
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The temporomandibular joint is classified solely as a plane joint.
The temporomandibular joint is classified solely as a plane joint.
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Saddle joints allow for back-and-forth and side-to-side movements.
Saddle joints allow for back-and-forth and side-to-side movements.
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The ball and socket joint is classified as a uniaxial joint.
The ball and socket joint is classified as a uniaxial joint.
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Synovial fluid is responsible for absorbing shocks in joints.
Synovial fluid is responsible for absorbing shocks in joints.
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The radioulnar joint is an example of a ball and socket joint.
The radioulnar joint is an example of a ball and socket joint.
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Study Notes
Normal Curves of Vertebral Column
- The vertebral column has 4 curves in an adult.
- The cervical and lumbar curves bulge forwards.
Thorax
- Refers to the chest region.
- The thoracic cage is composed of the sternum, ribs, and vertebral bodies.
Sternum/Breastbone
- A flat bone located at the center of the chest.
- It has 3 parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
- The manubrium is the uppermost part.
- The body is the largest and middle part.
- The xiphoid process is the smallest part and is made of hyaline cartilage during infancy and childhood.
Ribs
- There are 12 pairs of ribs.
- Rib 1-7 are true ribs and have direct attachment to the sternum via costal cartilage.
- Ribs 8-12 are false ribs, their costal cartilage attach indirectly or not at all to the sternum.
Vertebral Regions
- There are distinct features for each vertebrae in each region.
Cervical Vertebrae
- Atlas (C1): the topmost vertebrae, inferior to the skull. It is located on the neck.
- Axis (C2): has the dens, a projection that acts like a pivot point for neck rotation.
- Vertebra Prominens (C7): has the largest and longest spinous process on the cervical vertebrae.
Lumbar Vertebrae
- The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and strongest unfused bones in the vertebral column.
Sacrum
- A triangular bone formed by the fusion of 5 sacral bones.
Coccyx
- A triangular bone formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal bones.
Upper Extremity
- Composed of 30 bones which are found in the following locations:
- Humerus: in the arm, articulates with the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint.
- Radius and Ulna: in the forearm.
- Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges: in the wrist and hand.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Includes the pectoral/shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle.
Pectoral/Shoulder Girdle
- Attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton, but not directly articulated.
-
Clavicle:
- S-shaped bone, the medial part is convex anteriorly, the lateral part is concave anteriorly.
- The most common fractured bone in the body.
- The weakest point is at the junction of the medial and lateral parts.
Humerus
- The bone in the upper arm.
Ulna
- Located on the medial aspect of the forearm, longer than the radius.
- Olecranon: The bony projection at elbow.
- Trochlear notch: forms the elbow joint with the olecranon and coronoid fossa of the humerus.
Radius
- Smaller bone of the forearm, located on the lateral side.
- Proximal radioulnar joint: connection between the radius and ulna at the proximal end.
- Distal radioulnar joint: connection between the radius and ulna at the distal end.
- Allows for forearm pronation and supination.
Carpals
- The 8 bones of the wrist.
- They articulate with each other, forming the intercarpal joints.
Metacarpals and Phalanges
- The 5 metacarpals are the long bones of the hand.
- The 14 phalanges are the finger bones.
- The thumb (pollex) has 2 phalanges, other fingers have 3.
Pelvic Girdle
- Composed of 2 coxal bones (hip bones).
- Provides a surface for the articulation with the femur at the hip joint.
Lower Extremities
- Composed of 40 bones which are found in the following locations:
- Femur: in the thigh, the longest and largest bone in the body.
- Tibia and Fibula: in the leg, the tibia is the larger medial bone and the fibula is the lateral smaller bone.
- Tarsals: in the ankle, the tarsals are the group of short bones in the ankle.
- Metatarsals and Phalanges: in the foot.
Tibia
- The larger, medial weight-bearing bone of the leg.
Fibula
- The thinner lateral leg bone, smaller and parallel to the tibia.
- Lateral malleolus: projection on lower end of fibula that forms the outer ankle bone.
Arches of the Foot
- The foot has two arches:
- Longitudinal arch: runs from heel to toe.
- Transverse arch: runs across the foot.
Articular System/Joints
- Joints are points of contact between bones or between bone and cartilage.
Fibrous Joints
- Connected by dense irregular connective tissue.
- Immovable to slightly movable.
- Sutures: thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue found in the skull.
- Syndesmoses: larger articulating surfaces and more dense connective tissue than sutures.
Cartilaginous Joints
- Characterized by hyaline or fibrous cartilage.
- Immovable to slightly movable.
- Synchondroses: have solid cartilage connecting the bones, little or no movement, such as the joint between the first rib and the sternum.
- Symphyses: have hyaline cartilage covering the bones, joined by a disc of fibrous cartilage. Examples include the pubic symphysis.
Synovial Joints
- Have a space between the articulating bones called the articular cavity.
- Bones are covered with hyaline cartilage.
- Synovial fluid lubricates and reduces friction within the joint.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane/Arthrodial joint: Flat or slightly curved surfaces allowing for gliding movements.
- Hinge joint: Allows for flexion and extension, like the knee and elbow.
- Pivot/Trochoid joint: One bone rotates on another, like the neck and the radioulnar joint.
- Ellipsoid/Condylar joint: Biaxial motion allowing for movement in two planes. Examples include the radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
- Saddle/Sellar joint: One bone's surface is saddle-shaped, the other fits into it. Allows for biaxial movement with circumduction. Examples include the carpometacarpal joint and the sternoclavicular joint.
- Ball and Socket/Spheroidal joint: A ball-shaped bone fits into a cup-like socket. Allows for triaxial movement. Examples include the hip and shoulder joints.
Temporomandibular Joint
- A combination of hinge and plane joint.
- Formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the temporal bone.
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Description
This quiz explores the human anatomy focusing on the vertebral column and thorax. You'll learn about the normal curves of the vertebral column, the structure of the thorax, and the components of the sternum and ribs. Test your knowledge of these essential parts of human anatomy.
