Human Anatomy: Tissue Types and Positions

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Questions and Answers

What type of tissue carries electrical messages between the brain and every other part of the body?

Nervous Tissue

What type of tissue covers the surfaces of the body, both internally and externally?

Epithelial Tissue

What type of tissue is responsible for movement by contracting and shortening?

Muscle Tissue

What type of tissue provides support for the body and connects its parts?

Connective Tissue Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Anatomical Position.

Standing erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward. Signup and view all the answers

What position is used for sleeping and common surgeries?

Supine Position Signup and view all the answers

Which position is commonly used for spinal surgeries?

Prone Position Signup and view all the answers

What position involves sitting at a 90, 45, or 75 degree angle?

Fowler's Position Signup and view all the answers

What position is used for gynecological surgeries or inspections?

Trendelenberg Position Signup and view all the answers

What major organ is housed in the Cranial Cavity?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic Cavity Signup and view all the answers

What cavity encases the spinal cord?

Spinal Cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains organs like the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other vital organs?

Abdominal Cavity Signup and view all the answers

Name the cavity that houses the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Pelvic Cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Abdominopelvic Cavity' refer to?

The abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity combined. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two cavities included in the Dorsal Cavity?

Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which cavities are included in the Ventral Cavity?

Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity Signup and view all the answers

What plane divides the body into left and right sides?

Sagittal Plane Signup and view all the answers

What plane divides the body into top and bottom parts?

Transverse Plane Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into front and back?

Coronal/Frontal Plane Signup and view all the answers

What organs are located in the Right Upper Quadrant?

Liver, Right Kidney, Colon, Pancreas, Gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are found in the Right Lower Quadrant?

Cecum, Appendix, Right Ovary and Tube (female), Right Ureter Signup and view all the answers

List the organs found in the Left Lower Quadrant.

Part of Colon, Left Ovary and Tube (female), Left Ureter Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location of the Right Hypochondriac Region.

Right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the Epigastric Region?

Superior to the umbilical region Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Left Hypochondriac Region located?

Left upper region below the rib cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location of the Right Lumbar Region.

Right middle region near the waist Signup and view all the answers

What is the central region of the abdomen called?

Umbilical Region Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Left Lumbar Region located?

Left middle region near the waist Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Right Iliac Region.

Right lateral region of the lower row at the groin Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Hypogastric Region located?

Inferior to the umbilical region Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the Left Iliac Region?

Left lateral region of the lower row at the groin Signup and view all the answers

What does RICE stand for?

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation Signup and view all the answers

What is Anaphylaxis?

A severe allergic reaction to an allergen. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a 1st Degree Burn.

Only the epidermis is damaged. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 2nd Degree Burn?

Epidermis and part of dermis (blistered), treat with cold water and ointment+medication Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a 3rd Degree Burn involves.

All three layers of skin have been effected, do not treat with cold water, cover with clean bandaging Signup and view all the answers

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Diaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane lining the inside of a bone called?

Endosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is the dense fibrous membrane covering the outside of bones called?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is responsible for bone formation?

Osteoblast Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell breaks down bone?

Osteoclast Signup and view all the answers

What is a mature bone cell called?

Osteocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of bone formation called?

Ossification Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of blood cells in bone marrow?

Hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)

Blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

What are the soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn called?

Fontanelles Signup and view all the answers

Describe spongy bone.

Composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space, porous Signup and view all the answers

What is the hard external layer of bone called?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Describe an irregular bone.

Bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces/ex: vertebrae, pelvis, parts of skull Signup and view all the answers

What is a short bone?

Cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness/ex: carpals and tarsals (wrists and ankles) Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a long bone.

Femur, phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, humerus, clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a sesamoid bone is.

Small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces/ex: patella (knee cap) Signup and view all the answers

What is osteomalacia?

Softening of the bones, more common in darker-skinned people, vitamin D deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Describe spina bifida.

A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple fracture?

Bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a compound fracture is.

Bone breaks through the skin Signup and view all the answers

Describe a greenstick fracture.

Bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children Signup and view all the answers

What is a comminuted fracture?

Fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a stress fracture is.

A small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact Signup and view all the answers

What is a compression fracture?

Occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows one bone to slide over another?

Gliding Joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows movement in only one plane?

Hinge Joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows rotation around an axis?

Pivot Joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is found in the wrist and knuckles?

Ellipsoid Joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is found at the base of each thumb?

Saddle Joint Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is found in the shoulder and hip?

Ball-and-Socket Joint Signup and view all the answers

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 Signup and view all the answers

Describe the thoracic vertebrae.

The second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12 Signup and view all the answers

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What are the first 7 pairs of ribs called?

True Ribs Signup and view all the answers

What are ribs 8-12 called?

False Ribs Signup and view all the answers

What are the last two pairs of ribs called?

Floating Ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the lower, narrow portion of the sternum called?

Xiphoid Process Signup and view all the answers

What is scoliosis?

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Signup and view all the answers

What is the general definition of arthritis?

General inflammation of a joint Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoarthritis?

Arthritis caused by the regular wear and tear of joints, common in older people Signup and view all the answers

Describe rheumatoid arthritis.

A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked, seen in young and old people Signup and view all the answers

What is gout?

Metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis?

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily, old people Signup and view all the answers

What is rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency in children, bone deformity, less common in the US Signup and view all the answers

What is a bunion?

A painful swelling commonly in the big toe Signup and view all the answers

Describe hammertoe.

Condition in which the toe is bent downward at the proximal interphalangeal joint Signup and view all the answers

What is whiplash?

Cervical muscle and ligament sprain or strain as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck Signup and view all the answers

Where is the biceps muscle located?

Anterior of upper arm Signup and view all the answers

Describe smooth muscles.

Muscles that act on the lining of the body's passageways and hollow internal organs Signup and view all the answers

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. Signup and view all the answers

Describe skeletal muscle.

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is contractibility?

Ability to shorten Signup and view all the answers

What is excitability?

Ability to respond to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the muscular system? (Select all that apply)

Movement Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tissue Types

Nervous Tissue: Carries electrical signals between the brain and body.
Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces (internal and external).
Muscle Tissue: Contracts to cause movement (cardiac, smooth, skeletal).
Connective Tissue: Supports and connects body parts.

Anatomical Positions and Planes

Anatomical Position: Standing erect, arms at sides, palms forward.
Supine: Lying on the back.
Prone: Lying on the abdomen.
Fowler's Position: Sitting at various angles.
Trendelenburg Position: Feet higher than head, supine position.
Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right.
Transverse Plane: Divides body into top and bottom.
Coronal/Frontal Plane: Divides body into front and back.

Body Cavities

Cranial Cavity: Houses the brain.
Thoracic Cavity: Contains the heart and lungs.
Spinal Cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
Abdominal Cavity: Holds stomach, intestines, spleen, liver.
Pelvic Cavity: Houses urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Combines abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Dorsal Cavity: Includes cranial and spinal cavities.
Ventral Cavity: Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Abdominal Quadrants and Regions

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, gallbladder.
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Cecum, appendix, right ovary/tube, ureter.
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas.
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Part of colon, left ovary/tube, ureter.
Regions (further subdivisions of quadrants): Hypochondriac (upper), Lumbar (middle), Iliac (lower), Epigastric (upper middle), Umbilical (center), Hypogastric (lower middle).

Burns and Medical Procedures

RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (for injuries).
Anaphylaxis: Severe allergic reaction.
1st Degree Burn: Epidermis damage only.
2nd Degree Burn: Epidermis and part of dermis (blistered).
3rd Degree Burn: All skin layers affected.

Bone Structure and Function

Diaphysis: Shaft of long bone.
Epiphysis: End of long bone.
Endosteum: Membrane lining inside of bone.
Periosteum: Dense membrane covering outside of bone.
Osteoblast: Bone-forming cell.
Osteoclast: Bone-destroying cell.
Osteocyte: Mature bone cell.
Ossification: Bone formation process.
Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation in bone marrow.
Skeletal System Functions: Blood cell production, mineral storage, movement, protection, support.
Fontanelles: Soft spots on newborn skull.
Spongy Bone: Porous, small needle-like pieces.
Compact Bone: Hard external layer.
Irregular Bone: Complex shape, protects internal organs.
Short Bone: Approximately equal length, width, and thickness (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
Long Bone: Longer than wide (e.g., femur, phalanges).
Flat Bone: Large surface area (e.g., parts of skull, ribs).
Sesamoid Bone: Small, round bone in tendon (e.g., patella).
Osteomalacia: Bone softening, often vitamin D deficiency.
Spina Bifida: Congenital defect in spinal cord closure.
Fractures: Simple (clean break), Compound (penetrates skin), Greenstick (incomplete break), Comminuted (splintered), Stress (small crack from impact), Compression (bone pressed together).

Joints

Gliding Joint: One bone slides over another (wrist, ankles).
Hinge Joint: Movement in one plane (elbow, knee).
Pivot Joint: Bone rotates around axis (radius/ulna, humerus).
Ellipsoid Joint: Wrist and knuckles.
Saddle Joint: Base of thumb, allows grasping and rotation.
Ball-and-Socket Joint: Shoulder and hip.

Vertebrae and Ribs

Cervical Vertebrae (7): Smallest, lightest, unique for atlas and axis (top).
Thoracic Vertebrae (12): Form outward curve.
Lumbar Vertebrae (5): Lower back.
True Ribs (7): Attach directly to sternum.
False Ribs (5): Attach indirectly or not at all to sternum.
Floating Ribs (2): Do not attach to sternum.
Xiphoid Process: Lower portion of sternum.

Spinal Curvatures and Diseases

Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral spine curvature.
Kyphosis: Outward curvature of cervical spine ("hunchback").
Lordosis: Inward curvature of lumbar spine.

Joint Diseases

Arthritis: General joint inflammation.
Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear arthritis (common in older people).
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and other body systems.
Gout: Uric acid buildup affecting joints.
Osteoporosis: Bone weakening, increased risk of fracture (common in older people).
Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency in children, bone deformity.

Foot Conditions

Bunions: Painful swelling of big toe joint.
Hammertoe: Bent toe at the proximal interphalangeal joint.

Injuries

Whiplash: Neck injury due to sudden head/neck movement.
Sprain: Ligament injury.
Strain: Muscle or tendon injury.

Muscles

Biceps: Anterior upper arm.
Triceps: Posterior upper arm.
Smooth Muscles: Internal organs.
Cardiac Muscle: Heart.
Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones for movement.
Muscle Functions: Movement, posture, joint stability, heat production.
Contractibility: Ability to shorten.
Excitability: Ability to respond to stimuli.
Extensibility: Ability to be stretched.

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Description

Explore the fundamental types of tissues in the human body and their roles in anatomy. This quiz covers various anatomical positions, body cavities, and the significance of each tissue type in maintaining bodily functions. Test your understanding of these essential concepts!