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Questions and Answers
What condition is characterized by a lateral curve of the spinal column?
What condition is characterized by a lateral curve of the spinal column?
What term describes the exaggerated lumbar curve often seen in pregnant women?
What term describes the exaggerated lumbar curve often seen in pregnant women?
Which part of the thoracic cage is known as the breastbone?
Which part of the thoracic cage is known as the breastbone?
How many pairs of true ribs do humans have?
How many pairs of true ribs do humans have?
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What are ribs 11 and 12 classified as?
What are ribs 11 and 12 classified as?
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How many bones compose the cranium?
How many bones compose the cranium?
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Which of the following bones is NOT a part of the facial bones?
Which of the following bones is NOT a part of the facial bones?
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What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
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Which type of bone forms the upper jaw?
Which type of bone forms the upper jaw?
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How many auditory ossicles are found in the human body?
How many auditory ossicles are found in the human body?
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What term describes structures that are far from the point of attachment?
What term describes structures that are far from the point of attachment?
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Which of the following bones is found behind the palate?
Which of the following bones is found behind the palate?
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Which part of the skeletal system is primarily made up of 80 bones?
Which part of the skeletal system is primarily made up of 80 bones?
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What is the main function of the hyoid bone?
What is the main function of the hyoid bone?
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How many regions are in the vertebral column?
How many regions are in the vertebral column?
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Which feature is characteristic of the cervical vertebrae C3 to C7?
Which feature is characteristic of the cervical vertebrae C3 to C7?
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What is the distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae?
What is the distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae?
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What is the primary role of the lumbar region vertebrae?
What is the primary role of the lumbar region vertebrae?
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How many vertebrae make up the sacrum, and what is their unique characteristic?
How many vertebrae make up the sacrum, and what is their unique characteristic?
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What is the significance of the dens in the axis vertebra (C2)?
What is the significance of the dens in the axis vertebra (C2)?
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Which statements about the coccyx are correct?
Which statements about the coccyx are correct?
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Which curvature of the spine is considered abnormal?
Which curvature of the spine is considered abnormal?
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What connective structure does the vertebral foramen form collectively?
What connective structure does the vertebral foramen form collectively?
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Which structure is part of the axial skeleton?
Which structure is part of the axial skeleton?
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How many bones make up the cranium?
How many bones make up the cranium?
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Which term describes the position of being toward the front of the body?
Which term describes the position of being toward the front of the body?
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What are the names of the smallest bones in the human body?
What are the names of the smallest bones in the human body?
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Which of the following bones forms the lower jaw?
Which of the following bones forms the lower jaw?
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Which bone is not included in the facial bones?
Which bone is not included in the facial bones?
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What is the function of the hyoid bone?
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
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How many facial bones are there in total?
How many facial bones are there in total?
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Which bones are included in the auditory ossicles?
Which bones are included in the auditory ossicles?
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Which term denotes bones that are closer to the point of attachment?
Which term denotes bones that are closer to the point of attachment?
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What is the function of the hyoid bone?
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
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Which region of the vertebral column is responsible for supporting the body's weight?
Which region of the vertebral column is responsible for supporting the body's weight?
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How many vertebrae are typically found in the cervical region?
How many vertebrae are typically found in the cervical region?
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What unique feature is found in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3 to C7?
What unique feature is found in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3 to C7?
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Which part of the vertebra serves as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments?
Which part of the vertebra serves as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments?
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Which vertebra is known as the atlas and has no body or spinous process?
Which vertebra is known as the atlas and has no body or spinous process?
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What is the total number of segments typically found in the coccyx?
What is the total number of segments typically found in the coccyx?
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Which lumbar vertebrae feature is indicative of their strength?
Which lumbar vertebrae feature is indicative of their strength?
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Where does the sacrum articulate within the skeletal system?
Where does the sacrum articulate within the skeletal system?
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What is the distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae?
What is the distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae?
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What characterizes kyphosis?
What characterizes kyphosis?
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What distinguishes the true ribs from false ribs?
What distinguishes the true ribs from false ribs?
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What is the function of the xiphoid process?
What is the function of the xiphoid process?
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Which phrase is associated with lordosis?
Which phrase is associated with lordosis?
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How are the ribs categorized?
How are the ribs categorized?
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Which is a defining feature of floating ribs?
Which is a defining feature of floating ribs?
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What is the primary component of the thoracic cage?
What is the primary component of the thoracic cage?
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Identify the part of the sternum that is superior.
Identify the part of the sternum that is superior.
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What is the typical number of pairs of ribs in a human?
What is the typical number of pairs of ribs in a human?
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Which curvature of the spine can lead to a swayback appearance?
Which curvature of the spine can lead to a swayback appearance?
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Study Notes
Defining Terms
- Lateral: Towards the side of the body
- Anterior (Ventral): Towards the front of the body
- Posterior (Dorsal): Towards the back of the body
- Superior: Towards the top of the body
- Inferior: Towards the bottom of the body
- Articulate: To connect or join together
- Proximal: Near to the point of attachment
- Distal: Far from the point of attachment
- Medial: Towards the middle of the body
The Skeletal System
- Divided into two main components: Axial and Appendicular
The Axial Skeleton
- Consists of 80 bones and runs along the midline of the body.
- Includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (sternum and ribs).
The Axial Skeleton: Skull
-
Cranium:
- Encloses and protects the brain
- Consists of eight bones:
- 1 frontal bone
- 2 parietal bones
- 2 temporal bones
- 1 occipital bone
- 1 sphenoid bone
- 1 ethmoid bone (includes superior and middle nasal conchae)
-
Facial Bones:
- 14 bones in total
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 maxillae (form the upper jaw)
- 2 zygomatic bones (form the cheekbone and part of the eye socket)
- 2 lacrimal bones (form part of the nose and eye socket)
- 2 palatine bones (found in the roof of the mouth)
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
- 1 vomer (behind the roof of the mouth)
- 1 mandible (forms the lower jaw)
-
Auditory Ossicles:
- Located in the middle ear
- Smallest bones in the body
- 2 malleus
- 2 incus
- 2 stapes
The Axial Skeleton: Hyoid Bone
- Does not articulate with any other bone
- Supports the tongue, neck, and pharynx muscles.
The Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
- Also called the spinal column
- Each vertebra consists of:
- Body: Thick and located on the anterior side
- Lamina
- Pedicle
- Vertebral arch
- Vertebral foramen: Openings that line up to form a canal for the spinal cord.
- Spinous process: Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
- Two transverse processes: Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
- Superior and inferior articular processes: Smooth surfaces (facets) covered in hyaline cartilage that articulate with the vertebrae above and below.
The Vertebral Column: Regions
-
Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
- Smallest and lightest vertebrae
- C1 (Atlas): Has no body or spinous process, allows head to nod yes. Articulates with the occipital condyle.
- C2 (Axis): Contains all typical vertebral parts, has a knob-like dens (odontoid process) that allows head to shake no.
- C3-C7: Have transverse foramina which allow the vertebral arteries to pass through to the brain.
-
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
- Articulate with the ribs
- Increase in size from T1 to T12
- Distinguishing feature is the articular facet for rib articulation.
-
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
- Support body weight
- "Small of the back".
- Large, thick body
- Heavy, rectangular processes
-
Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae
- Articulates with the ilium (pelvis) and 5th lumbar vertebra
- Contains intervertebral foramina for spinal nerves
-
Coccyx: 3-5 (usually 4) fused vertebrae
- Tailbone
- Generally useless
Spinal Curvature
-
Normal:
- Cervical and lumbar curves are concave posteriorly (curve inwards).
- Thoracic and sacral curves are convex posteriorly (curve outwards).
-
Abnormal:
- Scoliosis: Lateral curve (like carrying a heavy bag on one shoulder)
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
- Lordosis: Exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)
The Axial Skeleton: Thoracic Cage
- Consists of the sternum and ribs.
-
Sternum (breast bone):
- Manubrium: Superior portion
- Body: Middle portion
- Xiphoid process: Inferior portion
-
Ribs:
- 12 pairs of ribs
- Articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae
- True Ribs: 7 pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum via costal (hyaline) cartilage
- False Ribs: 8-10 pairs of ribs attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage.
- Floating Ribs: 11-12 pairs of ribs are not attached to the sternum and are embedded in muscles.
Defining Terminology
- Lateral: Towards the side of the body.
- Anterior (ventral): Towards the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal): Towards the back of the body.
- Superior: Towards the top of the body.
- Inferior: Towards the bottom of the body.
- Articulate: To join or connect with another structure.
- Proximal: Near to the point of attachment or origin.
- Distal: Far from the point of attachment or origin.
- Medial: Towards the midline of the body.
The Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body.
- Consists of 80 bones including the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage.
The Skull
-
Composed of the cranium and facial bones.
-
Cranium:
- Protects the brain.
- Consists of 8 bones:
- 1 frontal bone
- 2 parietal bones
- 2 temporal bones
- 1 occipital bone
- 1 sphenoid bone
- 1 ethmoid bone (contains the superior and middle nasal conchae).
-
Facial bones:
- 14 bones in total.
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 maxillae (form the upper jaw)
- 2 zygomatic bones (form the eye socket and cheekbone)
- 2 lacrimal bones (form the sides of the nose and part of the eye socket)
- 2 palatine bones (in the palate)
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
- 1 vomer (found behind the palate)
- 1 mandible (forms the lower jaw)
-
Auditory ossicles:
- Found in the middle ear.
- The smallest bones in the body.
- Consists of:
- 2 malleus
- 2 incus
- 2 stapes
The Hyoid Bone
- Doesn't articulate with any other bone.
- Serves as an attachment point for tongue, neck, and pharynx muscles.
The Vertebral Column
-
Also known as the spinal column.
-
Each vertebra consists of:
- Body: Thick and located on the anterior end.
- Lamina:
- Pedicle:
- Vertebral arch:
- Vertebral foramen: Lines up to form a canal for the spinal cord.
- Spinous process:
- Two transverse processes: Serve as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments.
- Superior and inferior articular processes: Contain smooth surfaces of hyaline cartilage (facets) that attach to the vertebrae above and below.
-
Divided into five regions:
-
Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7). Smallest and lightest vertebrae.
- C1 (atlas): No body, no spinous process. Allows up-down head movement.
- C2 (axis): Contains all typical vertebral components including a dens or odontoid process that allows for 'no' head movement.
- C3-C7: All have transverse foramina (openings in the transverse processes) for passage of vertebral arteries serving the brain.
-
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
- Articulate posteriorly with the ribs.
- Increase in size from top to bottom.
- Distinguishing feature is the articular facet for rib articulation.
-
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5).
- Support the weight of the body.
- Large, thick body.
- Heavy, rectangular processes.
-
Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae.
- Articulates with the ilium (part of the pelvis) and the 5th lumbar vertebra.
- Contains intervertebral foramina for the exit of spinal nerves.
-
Coccyx: 3-5 fused vertebrae (usually 4).
- Known as the tailbone.
- Generally useless.
-
Spinal Curvature
-
Normal curvature:
- Cervical and lumbar sections are concave posteriorly.
- Thoracic and sacral sections are convex posteriorly.
-
Abnormal curvatures:
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature (carrying a heavy bag on one shoulder).
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback), often caused by osteoporosis.
- Lordosis: Exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback), caused by pregnancy or pot bellies.
The Thoracic Cage
-
Consists of the sternum and the ribs.
-
Sternum (breastbone):
- Manubrium: Superior portion.
- Body: Middle portion.
- Xiphoid process: Inferior portion.
-
Ribs:
- 12 pairs of ribs.
- Articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae.
- True ribs (7 pairs): Directly attached to the sternum by costal cartilage.
- False ribs (pairs 8-10): Indirectly attached to the sternum via costal cartilage.
- Floating ribs (pairs 11 and 12): Not attached to the sternum, embedded in muscle.
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Description
Test your understanding of the human skeletal system with this quiz. Explore the definitions of key anatomical terms and learn about the composition of the axial skeleton, including the skull and its various components. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
