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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the ribcage?
What is the primary function of the ribcage?
What type of ribs attach directly to the sternum?
What type of ribs attach directly to the sternum?
What is the clinical consequence of rib fractures or injuries?
What is the clinical consequence of rib fractures or injuries?
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
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What is the term for the compression of nerves or blood vessels by the thoracic cage?
What is the term for the compression of nerves or blood vessels by the thoracic cage?
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What is the pH range of a basic solution?
What is the pH range of a basic solution?
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What is the sum of pH and pOH at 25°C?
What is the sum of pH and pOH at 25°C?
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What is the primary function of a buffer in biochemistry?
What is the primary function of a buffer in biochemistry?
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What is the optimal pH range for the enzyme pepsin?
What is the optimal pH range for the enzyme pepsin?
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What is the name of the ion measured by pOH?
What is the name of the ion measured by pOH?
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What is the pH of a neutral solution?
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
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Study Notes
Ribcage
The ribcage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony structure that forms the thorax.
Composition
- 12 pairs of ribs (true ribs and false ribs)
- 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
- Sternum (breastbone)
Functions
- Protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
- Provides a attachment site for muscles involved in respiration and movement
- Supports the upper back and aids in posture
Ribs
- True ribs (1-7): attach directly to the sternum
- False ribs (8-10): attach to the 7th rib via cartilage
- Floating ribs (11-12): do not attach to the sternum or any other ribs
Sternum
- Consists of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
- Acts as a point of attachment for ribs and costal cartilages
Clinical Significance
- Rib fractures or injuries can lead to respiratory complications
- Thoracic outlet syndrome can occur when the thoracic cage compresses nerves or blood vessels
Ribcage
- The ribcage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony structure that forms the thorax.
Composition
- The ribcage consists of 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), and the sternum (breastbone).
Functions
- The ribcage protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- It provides a site for muscle attachment involved in respiration and movement.
- The ribcage supports the upper back and aids in posture.
Ribs
- True ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum.
- False ribs (8-10) attach to the 7th rib via cartilage.
- Floating ribs (11-12) do not attach to the sternum or any other ribs.
Sternum
- The sternum consists of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
- It acts as a point of attachment for ribs and costal cartilages.
Clinical Significance
- Rib fractures or injuries can lead to respiratory complications.
- Thoracic outlet syndrome can occur when the thoracic cage compresses nerves or blood vessels.
pH and pOH
- pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
- The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral (neither acidic nor basic)
- Acidic solutions have a pH < 7 (high H+ concentration) and basic solutions have a pH > 7 (low H+ concentration)
The pH-pOH Relationship
- pOH measures the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution
- The pOH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral (neither acidic nor basic)
- pH + pOH = 14 (at 25°C), indicating a inverse relationship between hydrogen and hydroxide ions
Buffers in Biochemistry
- A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added
- Buffers are crucial in biochemistry to maintain optimal pH for enzyme activity and protein function
- Examples of buffers include phosphate buffer, bicarbonate buffer, and protein buffers
pH and Enzyme Activity
- Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which it is most active
- pH affects enzyme activity, as changes in pH can alter enzyme structure and function
- Examples of enzymes with specific optimal pH include:
- Pepsin: optimal pH 2-3 (acidic) for protein digestion in the stomach
- Amylase: optimal pH 6-7 (neutral) for starch breakdown in the mouth and small intestine
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Description
Learn about the composition and functions of the ribcage, a bony structure that forms the thorax and protects vital organs.
