Human Anatomy: The Nose

Air-filled cavities within the bones of the skull, located around the nasal cavity. They are connected to the nasal cavity and lined with a mucous membrane.

The paranasal sinuses are divided by thin bony walls (septae).

The process of air-filled cavities forming within bones.

A sinus located in the frontal bone, above the eyes.

A sinus located within the ethmoid bone, between the eyes.

A sinus located in the sphenoid bone, behind the ethmoid sinuses.

A sinus located within the maxillary bone, below the eyes.

The paranasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavity, which opens into the pharynx (throat).

The larynx, commonly known as the voice box, is a complex organ responsible for voice production. It's made up of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments, and it also houses the vocal folds.

The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Important hormones secreted include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

The parathyroid glands, typically four small glands located near the thyroid gland, produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

The laryngeal skeleton refers to the framework of nine cartilages within the larynx. These cartilages provide structural support for the larynx and its functions.

The thyroid cartilage, the largest cartilage of the larynx, forms the prominent bump in the front of the neck commonly called the Adam's apple.

The cricoid cartilage, the ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx, sits below the thyroid cartilage and connects to the trachea. It plays a crucial role in airway protection.

The epiglottis, a leaf-shaped cartilage, acts as a lid for the larynx, preventing food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing.

The vocal folds, also known as vocal cords, are two small, muscular folds located within the larynx. They vibrate when air passes over them, producing sound.

The maxillary sinus is located above the alveolar part of the maxilla and its roof is formed by the floor of the orbit. You can think of the maxilla as the upper jawbone, and the orbit is the bony socket of the eye.

The maxillary sinus is supplied by branches of the maxillary nerve, specifically the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves.

The maxillary sinus is a large air-filled cavity within the maxilla, which is the upper jawbone.

A nasal fracture usually occurs when an injury results in a direct blow to the nose, causing the nasal bones to break. This can happen in accidents or contact sports.

A nasal fracture can lead to displacement of the nose, meaning it's not in its correct position anymore. This is because the nasal bones and cartilage are broken and out of place causing a deformation of the nose.

The cribriform plate, which is part of the ethmoid bone, can fracture in severe nasal fractures.

Deviated nasal septum means that the nasal septum, which is the wall that divides the nose into two halves, is shifted to one side or the other.

Epistaxis is the medical term for nosebleeds, which can happen because of a nasal fracture that damages blood vessels in the nose.

The cricoid cartilage is thicker and stronger than the thyroid cartilage, despite being much smaller.

The arytenoid cartilages are paired, three-sided pyramid-shaped cartilages that articulate with the lateral parts of the cricoid cartilage.

The ary-epiglottic fold is a mucous membrane fold extending from the superior margin of the quadrangular membrane to the arytenoid cartilage.

The corniculate cartilages are small nodules located in the posterior part of the ary-epiglottic folds, attaching to the apices of the arytenoid cartilages.

The cuneiform cartilages are small, rod-shaped cartilages located in the ary-epiglottic folds that do not directly attach to other cartilages.

The quadrangular membrane is a fibro-elastic membrane located in the larynx, forming the superior part of the submucosal membrane.

The conus elasticus is a fibro-elastic membrane in the larynx, forming the inferior part of the submucosal membrane.

The opening between the vocal folds, its shape and position vary depending on the state of the vocal folds

The position of the vocal folds during regular breathing, they are relaxed and form a narrow, slit-like opening

The position of the vocal folds during a deep inhalation, the muscles open the rima glottidis wide into an inverted kite shape

The position of the vocal folds during speaking, the arytenoid cartilages are adducted, bringing the vocal folds together, allowing air to vibrate and produce sound

The vocal folds are adducted and sealed by the lateral crico-arytenoid muscles, stopping air from escaping. Used for actions like straining or lifting heavy objects

The position of the vocal folds during whispering, the vocal ligaments are strongly adducted, but some air passes between the arytenoid cartilages, creating a toneless voice

The reason why male voices are lower than female voices after puberty, due to increased length of the vocal folds

A strong layer of elastic tissue in the larynx that's important for vocal fold function, it gives the vocal folds their elasticity

Two thick folds of mucous membrane that protect the vocal cords during swallowing and breathing. They are located above the vocal cords.

The space between the vestibular folds, which serves as a protective passageway for air.

The lateral spaces between the vocal folds and vestibular folds, providing room for air movement during phonation.

The muscles that control the movement of the larynx as a whole, helping with breathing and vocalization.

The muscles located entirely within the larynx, responsible for fine adjustments to the vocal cords and pitch control.

Muscles that lower the hyoid bone and larynx, helping with swallowing and breathing.

Muscles that raise the hyoid bone and larynx, aiding in swallowing and speech.