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Questions and Answers
What type of tissue connects bones to bones?
What type of tissue connects bones to bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
What is the primary energy reserve stored in the liver and skeletal muscle?
What is the primary energy reserve stored in the liver and skeletal muscle?
Which type of cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?
Which type of cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?
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Which of the following is an example of a voluntary muscle?
Which of the following is an example of a voluntary muscle?
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What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscles?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscles?
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Which of the following is necessary for muscle relaxation?
Which of the following is necessary for muscle relaxation?
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Where does cellular respiration take place within a cell?
Where does cellular respiration take place within a cell?
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What is the name of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?
What is the name of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?
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What is the pointed tip of the heart called?
What is the pointed tip of the heart called?
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What are the specialized sites between cardiac muscle cells that allow electrical impulses to propagate?
What are the specialized sites between cardiac muscle cells that allow electrical impulses to propagate?
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What type of valve ensures blood leaves the ventricles into the arteries?
What type of valve ensures blood leaves the ventricles into the arteries?
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What is another name for the bicuspid valve?
What is another name for the bicuspid valve?
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Where does blood leaving the left ventricle flow next?
Where does blood leaving the left ventricle flow next?
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Together, the plasma and formed elements constitute ________________.
Together, the plasma and formed elements constitute ________________.
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________________ contain enzymes and factors important to blood clotting.
________________ contain enzymes and factors important to blood clotting.
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Red blood cells (RBCs) contain the pigment ________________, which binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells (RBCs) contain the pigment ________________, which binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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The ________________ ________________ is the innermost layer of a blood vessel.
The ________________ ________________ is the innermost layer of a blood vessel.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the posterior pituitary gland?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the posterior pituitary gland?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics?
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During puberty, what happens to the levels of FSH and LH?
During puberty, what happens to the levels of FSH and LH?
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What is the name of the hormone that was previously known as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)?
What is the name of the hormone that was previously known as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)?
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What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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Through which structure does air normally enter the respiratory system?
Through which structure does air normally enter the respiratory system?
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Which chamber of the respiratory system is shared with the digestive system?
Which chamber of the respiratory system is shared with the digestive system?
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Which cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus to trap particulate matter?
Which cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus to trap particulate matter?
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What is the narrow opening in the larynx that leads to the trachea?
What is the narrow opening in the larynx that leads to the trachea?
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Which structure prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?
Which structure prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?
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Which cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?
Which cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?
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What structure contains elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?
What structure contains elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?
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What vibrates to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis?
What vibrates to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis?
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What reflex is triggered when food or liquid touches the vocal cords?
What reflex is triggered when food or liquid touches the vocal cords?
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What structure contains C-shaped cartilages to help keep the airway open?
What structure contains C-shaped cartilages to help keep the airway open?
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What branches into the right and left primary bronchi?
What branches into the right and left primary bronchi?
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Which of these layers surrounds a single muscle fiber?
Which of these layers surrounds a single muscle fiber?
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Which type of muscle tissue lacks striations?
Which type of muscle tissue lacks striations?
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What is the name of the growth plate of a bone?
What is the name of the growth plate of a bone?
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Which cells are responsible for producing melanin?
Which cells are responsible for producing melanin?
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What is the name of the outer surface of the bone?
What is the name of the outer surface of the bone?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
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What is the most important product of metabolism?
What is the most important product of metabolism?
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Which layer of skin lies beneath the dermis and contains blood vessels?
Which layer of skin lies beneath the dermis and contains blood vessels?
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After carbohydrates, which class of macromolecules is the second most important source of energy?
After carbohydrates, which class of macromolecules is the second most important source of energy?
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What is the product of glucose breakdown during glycolysis?
What is the product of glucose breakdown during glycolysis?
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What type of glands are responsible for producing oil on the skin?
What type of glands are responsible for producing oil on the skin?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
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Which type of impulses carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?
Which type of impulses carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?
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Which structure increases the speed of action potential transmission down the axon?
Which structure increases the speed of action potential transmission down the axon?
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Which ion is responsible for hyperpolarization of a neuron?
Which ion is responsible for hyperpolarization of a neuron?
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What is the name of the junction where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell?
What is the name of the junction where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell?
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Which meningeal layer is the outermost?
Which meningeal layer is the outermost?
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Which of the following is NOT a hormone?
Which of the following is NOT a hormone?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
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How are the regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus regulated?
How are the regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus regulated?
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Flashcards
Ligament Function
Ligament Function
A ligament attaches bone to bone.
Skeletal System Functions
Skeletal System Functions
The five functions are support, mineral storage, blood cell production, protection, and leverage.
Energy Reserve in Muscles
Energy Reserve in Muscles
Glycogen is an important energy reserve found in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Bone Production
Bone Production
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Types of Muscle Tissue
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Goose Bumps Cause
Goose Bumps Cause
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ATP in Muscle Function
ATP in Muscle Function
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Epimysium
Epimysium
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Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
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Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal plate
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Melanocytes
Melanocytes
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Periosteum
Periosteum
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ATP
ATP
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Subcutaneous layer
Subcutaneous layer
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Lipids
Lipids
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Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid
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Sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands
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Afferent impulses
Afferent impulses
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Myelin
Myelin
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Potassium
Potassium
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Neuromuscular junction
Neuromuscular junction
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis
Meiosis vs. Mitosis
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Pharynx
Pharynx
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Goblet Cells
Goblet Cells
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Glottis
Glottis
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Trachea
Trachea
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Bronchodilation
Bronchodilation
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Bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Embolism
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Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Macrophages
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Parietal pleura
Parietal pleura
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Capillaries
Capillaries
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Left atrium
Left atrium
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Epicardium
Epicardium
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Apex
Apex
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Intercalated discs
Intercalated discs
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Chordae tendineae
Chordae tendineae
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Semilunar valves
Semilunar valves
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Whole blood
Whole blood
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
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Study Notes
Ligaments
- Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Skeletal System Functions
- Support
- Mineral and lipid storage
- Blood cell production
- Protection
- Leverage
Energy Reserve
- Glycogen is an important energy reserve found in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Bone Production
- Osteoblasts are responsible for producing new bone.
Muscle Tissue Types
- Skeletal muscle: Voluntary movement (e.g., biceps brachii)
- Cardiac muscle: Involuntary; pumps blood (e.g., myocardium)
- Smooth muscle: Involuntary; moves substances through internal organs (e.g., stomach walls)
Goosebumps
- Goosebumps are caused by the contraction of arrector pili muscles in hair follicles. This is triggered by cold temperatures or emotional responses. Contraction causes hairs to stand up, trapping air and creating insulation.
Muscle Relaxation
- ATP is essential for muscle relaxation, releasing cross-bridges.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. This occurs in the mitochondria.
Calcium Ions in Muscle Contraction
- Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Muscle Outer Layer
- The outermost layer of collagen fibers surrounding the entire muscle is the epimysium.
Muscle Striations
- All muscles, except smooth muscle, exhibit striations.
Bone Growth Plate
- The growth plate is called the epiphyseal plate.
Melanin Production
- Melanocytes manufacture and store melanin.
Bone Outer Surface
- The outer surface of a bone is the periosteum.
Skin Functions
- Protection
- Excretion/secretion
- Sensory reception
Metabolism's Main Product
- ATP is the most important product of metabolism.
Skin Layers
- The layer below the dermis, containing blood vessels, is the subcutaneous layer.
Energy Sources
- Carbohydrate breakdown is the primary energy source, followed by lipid breakdown.
Glycolysis Product
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid.
Skin Oil Glands
- Sebaceous glands produce oil to lubricate the skin.
Nervous System Functions
- Integrates sensory information
- Coordinates voluntary responses of many organ systems
- Monitors internal and external environments
Nervous System Impulse Types
- Afferent impulses carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.
Myelin Sheath
- A myelin sheath is a thin, membranous covering that increases the speed of action potentials along the axon.
Neuron Hyperpolarization
- Potassium ions cause neuron hyperpolarization.
Neuron Communication
- A neuron communicates with a muscle cell at a neuromuscular junction.
Meninges
- The dura mater is the outermost meningeal layer.
Neurotransmitters
- Excitatory: Glutamate (promotes signal transmission, learning, memory)
- Inhibitory: GABA (reduces activity, calms the brain)
Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
- Sympathetic: "Fight or flight". Receptors: adrenergic (alpha and beta)
- Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest". Receptors: cholinergic (muscarinic and nicotinic)
Non-Hormones
- Acetylcholine is not a hormone.
Hypothalamus Functions
- Releases ADH, oxytocin
- Secretes regulatory hormones for anterior pituitary
- Synthesizes ADH & oxytocin
- Controls adrenal medulla through sympathetic innervation
Hypothalamus Regulation
- Hypothalamic hormone secretion is regulated by negative feedback.
Hormone Definition
- A hormone is a chemical messenger released in one tissue and transported in the blood to target cells.
Cardiac Hormone
- Atrial natriuretic peptide is a heart hormone released during high atrial pressure.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Reduces urine output, increases water reabsorption, maintains blood pressure and hydration
- Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, promotes milk ejection, and plays a role in bonding/social behavior
Spermatogenesis Hormone
- FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.
Testosterone Hormone
- LH stimulates testosterone secretion in males.
Puberty Changes
- At puberty, levels of FSH and LH increase, and secondary sex characteristics appear. Oogenesis is also stimulated in females.
LH Alternative Names
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) was also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males.
Respiratory System Entry Point
- Air enters the respiratory system through the nares (nostrils).
Shared Respiratory and Digestive System
- The pharynx is a chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
Mucus-Producing Cells
- Goblet cells produce mucus to trap particulate matter in the respiratory tract.
Laryngeal Opening
- The glottis is the narrow opening in the larynx that leads to the trachea.
Food/Liquid Prevention
- The epiglottis prevents food and liquid from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing.
Laryngeal Cartilages
- The thyroid cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx.
Vocal Cords
- The true vocal cords contain elastic ligaments extending between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.
- These cords vibrate to produce sound.
Gag/Cough Reflex
- The coughing reflex is triggered when the vocal cords are touched by food or liquid.
Trachea Structure
- The trachea contains C-shaped cartilages to maintain airway openness.
Bronchial Branches
- The trachea branches into right and left primary bronchi.
Bronchiolar Response to Nervous System
- Sympathetic: Bronchodilation (widening)
- Parasympathetic: Bronchoconstriction (narrowing/constricting)
Bronchiole Lead To
- Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs.
Debris Removal Cells
- Alveolar macrophages patrol the respiratory epithelium and remove debris.
Alveoli Prevention Collapse
- Surfactant is an oily secretion that prevents alveoli from collapsing.
Pulmonary Blockage
- A pulmonary embolism is a blockage of a pulmonary artery branch.
Chest Wall Covering
- The parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the chest wall.
Small Blood Vessels
- Capillaries Connect the smallest arteries and veins.
Blood Vessel Layers
- The innermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica interna (intima).
Blood Vessel Lumen Changes
- Vasodilation is relaxation of the arterial walls increasing the vessel diameter (lumen).
- Vasoconstriction is contraction of the arterial walls decreasing the vessel diameter.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the human skeletal and muscle systems through this engaging quiz. It covers functions of ligaments, types of muscle tissues, and the roles of cells in bone production and muscle relaxation. Test your knowledge of cellular respiration and energy reserves in muscle tissues.
