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Questions and Answers
What is the volume of anatomical dead space in a healthy adult?
What is the volume of anatomical dead space in a healthy adult?
Which of the following correctly describes physiologic dead space?
Which of the following correctly describes physiologic dead space?
How does the normal respiratory rate (RR) change from birth to adolescence?
How does the normal respiratory rate (RR) change from birth to adolescence?
What primarily controls the respiratory rate?
What primarily controls the respiratory rate?
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Which factor does NOT typically influence the respiratory rate?
Which factor does NOT typically influence the respiratory rate?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for active inspiration?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for active inspiration?
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What is the effect of emphysema on lung compliance?
What is the effect of emphysema on lung compliance?
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What happens during passive expiration?
What happens during passive expiration?
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Which accessory muscles are involved in respiration?
Which accessory muscles are involved in respiration?
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What is the term used to describe the difference between transpulmonary pressure during inhalation and exhalation?
What is the term used to describe the difference between transpulmonary pressure during inhalation and exhalation?
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What does the tidal volume (TV) represent?
What does the tidal volume (TV) represent?
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What is the primary function of residual volume (RV)?
What is the primary function of residual volume (RV)?
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Which of the following describes the vital capacity (VC)?
Which of the following describes the vital capacity (VC)?
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How is functional residual capacity (FRC) defined?
How is functional residual capacity (FRC) defined?
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What is the approximate total lung capacity (TLC) for men?
What is the approximate total lung capacity (TLC) for men?
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Which pulmonary function test measures the volume of air exhaled in one breath?
Which pulmonary function test measures the volume of air exhaled in one breath?
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What does inspiratory capacity (IC) include?
What does inspiratory capacity (IC) include?
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Which term refers to the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange?
Which term refers to the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange?
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What approximately is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) for men?
What approximately is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) for men?
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What does the term total lung capacity (TLC) specifically not include?
What does the term total lung capacity (TLC) specifically not include?
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What causes the collapse prevention in the lungs?
What causes the collapse prevention in the lungs?
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Which type of flow is characterized by air moving in parallel layers?
Which type of flow is characterized by air moving in parallel layers?
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What is the significance of the Reynolds number in airflow?
What is the significance of the Reynolds number in airflow?
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How does an increase in lung volume affect airway resistance?
How does an increase in lung volume affect airway resistance?
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What occurs during dynamic airway compression?
What occurs during dynamic airway compression?
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What is the role of surfactant dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) in the lungs?
What is the role of surfactant dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) in the lungs?
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Which of the following best describes transitional flow?
Which of the following best describes transitional flow?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to lung compliance?
Which factor does NOT contribute to lung compliance?
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What is the typical adult respiratory rate in breaths per minute?
What is the typical adult respiratory rate in breaths per minute?
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Which brain center is primarily responsible for generating the basic rhythm of breathing?
Which brain center is primarily responsible for generating the basic rhythm of breathing?
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What function does the pneumotaxic center serve in respiratory regulation?
What function does the pneumotaxic center serve in respiratory regulation?
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Which of the following chemoreceptors directly monitor blood levels of CO2 and H+?
Which of the following chemoreceptors directly monitor blood levels of CO2 and H+?
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What factor primarily stimulates the respiratory centers for increased ventilation in the blood?
What factor primarily stimulates the respiratory centers for increased ventilation in the blood?
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What occurs when activity in the DRG ceases?
What occurs when activity in the DRG ceases?
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How do hypothalamus and limbic system affect respiration?
How do hypothalamus and limbic system affect respiration?
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What role do proprioceptors play in respiratory regulation?
What role do proprioceptors play in respiratory regulation?
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What happens when blood oxygen levels fall below 60 mmHg?
What happens when blood oxygen levels fall below 60 mmHg?
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Which respiratory center is involved in forced breathing?
Which respiratory center is involved in forced breathing?
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Which process protects the lungs from over-inflating?
Which process protects the lungs from over-inflating?
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What primarily regulates the depth of breathing?
What primarily regulates the depth of breathing?
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What physiological change occurs in response to high levels of CO2 in the blood?
What physiological change occurs in response to high levels of CO2 in the blood?
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Which type of receptor primarily senses extracellular CO2 concentrations in the brain?
Which type of receptor primarily senses extracellular CO2 concentrations in the brain?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Volumes
- Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing.
- The average tidal volume is approximately 500 mL.
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the normal, quiet expiration.
- The average expiratory reserve volume for men is approximately 1100 mL, while for women it is approximately 800 mL.
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration.
- The average inspiratory reserve volume is approximately 3000 mL.
- Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation.
- Residual volume helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing, making breathing easier.
Respiratory Capacities
- Respiratory capacity is the combination of two or more respiratory volumes.
- Total lung capacity (TLC) is the sum of all the lung volumes (TV, ERV, IRV, and RV).
- The average TLC is approximately 6000 mL for men and 4200 mL for women.
- Vital capacity (VC) is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation.
- VC is the sum of TV, ERV, and IRV.
- The average VC is between 4000-5000 mL.
- Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration.
- IC is the sum of TV and IRV.
- Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the amount of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration.
- FRC is the sum of ERV and RV.
Pulmonary Function Tests
- Pulmonary function tests measure the volume and flow of air in the lungs.
- Spirometry measures the volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
- Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the volume of air exhaled after maximum inhalation.
- Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is the volume of air exhaled in one breath.
- Forced expiratory flow is the rate of air flow during exhalation.
- Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is the fastest rate of exhalation.
- Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the volume of air that can be inspired and expired in one minute.
- Slow vital capacity (SVC) is the volume of air that can be slowly exhaled after inhaling past the tidal volume.
- Total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation.
- Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of air left in the lungs after normal expiration.
- Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
- Blood gas analyzers measure the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Dead Space
- Dead space is the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange.
- Anatomical dead space is the volume of air that fills the conducting zone of respiration (nose, trachea, bronchi).
- Anatomical dead space is approximately 30% of normal tidal volume, or 150 mL.
- Physiologic dead space is the sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space.
- Alveolar dead space is the volume of air in the respiratory zone that does not take part in gas exchange.
- In a healthy adult, alveolar dead space is negligible.
Respiratory Rate and Control of Ventilation
- The respiratory rate (RR) is the number of breaths per minute.
- The normal RR in adults is 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
- The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of the brain.
- The respiratory center responds primarily to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH levels in the blood.
Ventilation Control Centers
- The control of ventilation is a complex process involving multiple regions in the brain.
- The medullary respiratory center sets the basic rhythm of breathing.
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) generates the breathing rhythm and integrates data coming into the medulla.
- The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) integrates input from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the periphery.
- The pontine respiratory group (PRG) modifies the medulla oblongata's functions, including the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers.
- The aortic body monitors blood PCO2, PO2, and pH.
- The carotid body monitors blood PCO2, PO2, and pH.
- The hypothalamus monitors emotional state and body temperature.
- Cortical areas of the brain control voluntary breathing.
- Proprioceptors send impulses regarding joint and muscle movements.
- Pulmonary irritant reflexes protect the respiratory zones of the system from foreign material.
- The inflation reflex protects the lungs from over-inflating.
Respiratory Centers of the Brain
- Neurons that innervate the muscles of the respiratory system control and regulate pulmonary ventilation.
- The major brain centers involved in pulmonary ventilation are the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group.
- The medulla oblongata contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG).
- The DRG maintains a constant breathing rhythm by stimulating the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, resulting in inspiration.
- The VRG is involved in forced breathing by stimulating the accessory muscles involved in forced breathing to contract, resulting in forced inspiration.
- The pontine respiratory group, located within the pons, consists of the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers.
- The apneustic center stimulates neurons in the DRG, controlling the depth of inspiration, especially during deep breathing.
- The pneumotaxic center inhibits the activity of neurons in the DRG, allowing relaxation after inspiration, and thus controlling the overall rate of breathing.
Factors Affecting Respiratory Rate and Depth
- Multiple systemic factors stimulate the brain to produce pulmonary ventilation.
- The major factor stimulating the medulla oblongata and pons is the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.
- Increased CO2 levels result in increased H+ levels, decreased pH and stimulate central chemoreceptors in the brain and brainstem.
- Peripheral chemoreceptors, located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch, also sense changes in CO2 and H+ levels.
- Systemic arterial concentrations of H+ influence respiratory activity.
- Peripheral chemoreceptors sense acidic pH levels and stimulate increased ventilation to remove CO2 and increase pH.
- Blood O2 levels affect respiratory rate, but only large changes in blood O2 levels stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors.
- The hypothalamus and limbic system regulate breathing in response to emotions, pain, and temperature.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to respiratory volumes and capacities, such as tidal volume, expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes, and residual volume. Understand the significance of these measurements in human anatomy and how they aid in efficient breathing.