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Questions and Answers
Given the following layers, in which order would the needle pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm?
Given the following layers, in which order would the needle pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm?
- 3, 2, 1, 5
- 5, 2, 3, 1
- 5, 3, 2, 1 (correct)
- 1, 2, 3, 4
Lymph transport involves all but which of the following?
Lymph transport involves all but which of the following?
- Smooth muscle contraction in lymph capillary walls (correct)
- Thorax pressure changes during breathing
- Milking action of active muscle fibers
- Lymph capillary mini valve action
Why is having an understanding of the lymphatic drainage of the breast important in formulating the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer?
Why is having an understanding of the lymphatic drainage of the breast important in formulating the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer?
- The lymphatic drainage will start to clot and decrease further lymphatic drainage.
- A single cell of a primary cancer tumor can spread to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and cause metastasis. (correct)
- The cancerous breast tissue will decrease lymphatic drainage, thus inhibiting the spreading of the tumor cells.
- Removing the cancer can stop drainage of blood from the tumor and increase the flow of drainage of lymph from the breast area.
Given the following events which sound like chapters in Dr Pallos' favorite horror movie, which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis of a tuberculosis bacillus?
Given the following events which sound like chapters in Dr Pallos' favorite horror movie, which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis of a tuberculosis bacillus?
Why didn't Dr Pallos experience symptoms again even though he was re-exposed to the mumps virus?
Why didn't Dr Pallos experience symptoms again even though he was re-exposed to the mumps virus?
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Study Notes
Blood Sampling Technique
- Needle piercing sequence through epidermal layers: Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale.
- Correct order: 5 (corneum), 3 (granulosum), 2 (spinosum), 1 (basale).
Lymph Transport Mechanisms
- Lymphatic system relies on various factors for transport, excluding smooth muscle contraction in lymph capillary walls.
- Lymphatic vessels operate under low pressure and utilize skeletal muscle movements, thoracic pressure changes, and mini valve action.
- They are grouped with blood vessels and benefit from pulsations of adjacent arteries.
Importance of Lymphatic Drainage in Breast Cancer
- Understanding lymphatic drainage is crucial as cancer cells can metastasize through the lymphatic system.
- A single cancer cell can spread to distant body areas, leading to additional tumor development.
Sequence of Phagocytosis Events
- Correct sequence for phagocytosis of tuberculosis bacillus: Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion, Killing, Digestion.
- Neutrophils and macrophages are primary phagocytes confronting pathogens in connective tissues.
- Phagocytes adhere to pathogens, use lysosomal enzymes for digestion, and may require activation from T cells for resistant pathogens.
Immunity to Mumps Virus
- Dr. Pallos remained asymptomatic after exposure due to prior active immunity from childhood mumps infection.
- Active immunity develops when the immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against disease organisms.
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