Human Anatomy Quiz: Fascia and Ureters
95 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which artery is responsible for preventing the physiological ascent of the kidneys during embryological development?

  • Inferior mesenteric
  • Middle colic (correct)
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Right colic

    • What is the length range of the ureters?

  • 15-20 cm
  • 25-30 cm (correct)
  • 30-35 cm
  • 20-25 cm

    • What are the normal constrictions of the ureters?

  • Urethra, renal pelvis, bladder wall
  • Pelvic inlet, renal pelvis, bladder wall
  • Crossing pelvic inlet, renal pelvis, bladder wall (correct)
  • Renal pelvis, pelvic inlet, urethra

    • Which substance is primarily secreted by the parotid gland?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is associated with the chorda tympani?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pharynx?

    <p>Swallowing and passageway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the pharyngotympanic tube connect to?

    <p>Middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the middle ear?

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures does the prevertebral fascia pass behind?

    <p>Oesophagus, pharynx, and great vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pretracheal fascia firmly adherent?

    <p>Front of the trachea behind the isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prevertebral fascia become?

    <p>Axillary sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is covered laterally by the prevertebral fascia?

    <p>Scalenus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pretracheal fascia?

    <p>To surround the trachea and esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure lies on the scalenus anterior according to the description?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment of the neck does the pretracheal fascia belong to?

    <p>Visceral compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is NOT associated with the prevertebral fascia?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures define the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the platysma muscle in the neck?

    <p>Facial expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the position of the platysma in relation to the subcutaneous fat?

    <p>It lies immediately deep to the subcutaneous fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far are the medial borders of the right and left platysma muscles separated below the level of the hyoid?

    <p>2.5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the platysma muscle?

    <p>Facial nerve, CN VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the superficial fascia also known as in the neck?

    <p>Panniculus adiposus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of adiposity in the superficial fascia varies mainly due to what factor?

    <p>Body mass index (BMI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the neck is the superficial fascia generally thinner?

    <p>Anterior aspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary bronchus is wider and shorter?

    <p>Right primary bronchus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each lung contain that is enclosed within a serous sac?

    <p>Pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe configuration is correct for the right lung?

    <p>Superior, middle, and inferior lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice?

    <p>To denature proteins and kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major vessels responsible for the blood supply to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary arteries and veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a blockage that causes narrowing of the pylorus?

    <p>Pylorostenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the remnant of the fetal ductus venosus in the liver referred to as?

    <p>Ligamentum venosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the muscle supplied by the long thoracic nerve.

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary digestive enzyme that begins protein digestion in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a type of pleura associated with the lungs?

    <p>Serous pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves is NOT associated with the thoracic wall?

    <p>Cervical plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical technique involves temporarily clamping blood flow into the liver?

    <p>Pringle maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fissures separate the lobes of the right lung?

    <p>Right oblique and horizontal fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of the liver does the right sagittal fissure accommodate?

    <p>Gallbladder fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of gastric juice is responsible for aiding in the digestion of fats?

    <p>Gastric lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key function of the pylorus in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Regulating the passage of chyme into the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the large intestine is characterized by its S-shaped loop?

    <p>Sigmoid colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is typically situated retrocecal in relation to the cecum?

    <p>Appendix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes haustra in the large intestine?

    <p>Sacculations formed by wall projections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the colon?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the rectum?

    <p>It is primarily retroperitoneal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The teniae coli are associated with which of the following?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the rectosigmoid junction occur?

    <p>At the level of S3 vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the mesoappendix?

    <p>Provide arterial supply to the appendix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bare area of the liver?

    <p>It is in contact with the diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is formed by the left and right extremities of the coronary ligament?

    <p>Right triangular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures carries arterial blood to the liver?

    <p>Hepatic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main venous drainage of the liver?

    <p>Hepatic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the spleen primarily play in the body?

    <p>Filtering blood and managing immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the stomach to the spleen?

    <p>Gastro-splenicum ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure supports the duodenum?

    <p>Ligament of Treitz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the liver receive blood from the portal vein?

    <p>From the intestines and pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures does the prevertebral fascia primarily pass across?

    <p>Vertebrae and prevertebral muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve lies on the scalenus anterior according to the description?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the prevertebral fascia at the axillary region?

    <p>It becomes the axillary sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pretracheal fascia in relation to the thyroid gland?

    <p>It envelops the entire thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is associated with the scalene muscles as described in the content?

    <p>Longus colli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the attachment of the prevertebral fascia?

    <p>Attached to the base of the skull and surrounding structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure does the carotid sheath surround?

    <p>Common carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal length of the ureters?

    <p>25-30 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure allows urine to pass from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

    <p>Ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the pharynx?

    <p>Pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes enzymes that initiate the breakdown of starch?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves form the lesser splanchnic nerve?

    <p>T10-T11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chorda tympani?

    <p>To carry taste sensations from the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pharyngotympanic tube?

    <p>Equalizing barometric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vertebral level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

    <p>T12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recognized constriction point of the ureters?

    <p>Junction of ureters and renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition do the developing kidneys fuse into a horseshoe-shaped structure?

    <p>Horseshoe kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is drained by two ureters and can be prone to obstruction?

    <p>Horseshoe kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the entire swallowing process?

    <p>Deglutition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the kidney is most superficial?

    <p>Renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures does NOT drain into the renal pelvis?

    <p>Renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal structure is associated with filtering blood and forming urine?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of a horseshoe kidney?

    <p>Obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if portal circulation through the liver is obstructed without surgical intervention?

    <p>Formation of varices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by abnormal dilatation of veins due to portal hypertension?

    <p>Varices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is assessed for enlargement and tumors during a digital rectal examination?

    <p>Prostate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the collateral routes during diminished portal circulation?

    <p>They provide an alternate path to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the anal canal, which method can help examine the uterus when vaginal examination is inconclusive?

    <p>Bimanual palpation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by excessive pressure in the rectum and anus, leading to swelling?

    <p>Hemorrhoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of untreated portal hypertension?

    <p>Development of collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of a malignant prostate during examination?

    <p>Hard and often irregular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the colon is located inferior to the transverse colon?

    <p>Sigmoid colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of teniae coli found in the colon?

    <p>Mesocolic, omental, free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of the large intestine's structure?

    <p>Haustra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the rectum become continuous with the anal canal?

    <p>At the level of the S3 vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature does the vermiform appendix contain?

    <p>Lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the large intestine is correct?

    <p>It has a larger diameter than the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which junction marks the transition from the sigmoid colon to the rectum?

    <p>Rectosigmoid junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery primarily supplies blood to the colon?

    <p>Inferior mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Revision 11.12.2024

    • Panagiotis Karanis, Professor of Anatomy
    • UNic Medical School

    Anatomy of the Neck - Respiratory System

    • The differential diagnosis of neck lumps and the effective clinical and surgical management of pathological neck lesions require a good understanding of neck anatomy.
    • The opposite sternocleidomastoid is tensed by pressing the jaw laterally against one's hand. This muscle helps define the posterior triangle of the neck, bounded by sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and the clavicle.
    • The anterior triangle is defined by sternocleidomastoid, the mandible, and the midline.

    The Surface Anatomy of the Neck

    • The thin platysma muscle, spread subcutaneously like a sheet, passes over the clavicles. It is pierced by cutaneous nerves, and is supplied by branches of the facial nerve (CN VII).
    • The platysma is a feature of the anterolateral part of the neck and does not extend to the back of the neck.
    • Above the level of the hyoid, the medial borders of the right and left platysma muscles are contiguous. Whereas below, they are separated by an interval of 2.5 cm.

    Neck Fascial Layers

    • The superficial layer of the neck is essentially subcutaneous fat, which varies in thickness.
    • The superficial fascia is also called the panniculus adiposus.

    Cervical Regions- Triangles and their Borders

    • The neck is divided into regions based on the borders of the superficial sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
    • These muscles make up the outermost (investing) layer of the deep cervical fascia.

    The Anatomy of the Neck

    • The hyoid bone, thyroid notch, cricothyroid ligament, cricoid cartilage, cricotracheal ligament, and isthmus of the thyroid can be felt in the midline.
    • Structures palpable in the anterior aspect of the neck can be associated with corresponding vertebral levels.
    • The suprasternal notch is located at the inferior end of the manubrium of the sternum.

    The Fascial Compartments of the Neck

    • The fascial compartments in the neck are the investing layer, pretracheal fascia, prevertebral fascia, and carotid sheaths.
    • The cervical viscera, major blood vessels, and nerves, and all cervical muscles (except the platysma) lie within the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia.
    • The prevertebral fascia is a relatively dense layer covering the cervical vertebral column, and the anterior aspects of prevertebral muscles.
    • The prevertebral fascia envelops the thoracic duct, esophagus, pharynx, great vessels, and the brachial plexus.

    The Thyroid Gland

    • The thyroid gland is enveloped by pretracheal fascia.
    • Surrounding the upper trachea, the isthmus of the thyroid gland lies behind it.
    • The sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages are also firmly adherent to the pretracheal fascia.

    What is the Ansa Cervicalis?

    • The ansa cervicalis is a loop-shaped nerve formed by roots from the cranial nerves that supplies the infrahyoid muscles.
    • The roots come from the C1-C3 cervical spinal nerves.
    • The superior and inferior roots form the ansa.
    • The ansa innervates the infrahyoid strap muscles.

    Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

    • The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are involved in the adduction or abduction of the vocal cords, and can be grouped into functional groups.
    • The cricothyroid tenses the vocal cords.
    • The cricoarytenoids abduct the cords.
    • The thyroarytenoids relax the cords.
    • The transverse and oblique arytenoids adduct the cords.

    Variations in Shape of Rima Glottidis

    • The rima glottidis is the space between the vocal folds.
    • The shape of the rima glottidis changes during respiration, phonation, and whispering.

    Vessels, Nerves, and Lymph Nodes of the Larynx

    • The larynx is supplied by several arteries and veins, including the superior thyroid artery, superior laryngeal artery, and inferior laryngeal artery.
    • The nerves of the larynx include the superior laryngeal nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and laryngeal branches of CN X.
    • The lymph nodes in the region include the superior and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes.
    • The vagus nerve (CN X) branches to the larynx supply the inferior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve.

    The Thyroid Gland

    • The thyroid is made up of the isthmus, located atop the second and third tracheal rings, and two lateral lobes.
    • The lobes extend from the thyroid cartilage to the sixth tracheal ring.
    • An inconstant pyramidal lobe may be present on the left side of the isthmus, representing a remnant of the embryonic thyroid descent.

    Development

    • The thyroid develops from a bud pushing out from the pharyngeal floor.
    • The outgrowing thyroglossal duct descends into the neck to reach its final location.
    • The lower end of the thyroglossal duct becomes the thyroid gland.
    • The duct disintegrates.

    Ribs, Costal Cartilages and Intercostal Spaces

    • The true ribs (1-7) attach to the sternum directly.
    • The false ribs (8-10) attach to the sternum indirectly via the costal cartilage.
    • The floating ribs (11-12) have no connection to the sternum.

    Muscles of Respiration (Inhalation and Exhalation)

    • The intercostal muscles are involved in breathing.
    • Several additional thoracic wall muscles are involved in breathing. (These muscles are the long thoracic, medial and lateral pectoral, dorsal scapular, and thoracodorsal nerves.)

    The Fascial Compartments of the Neck

    • The investing layer of deep cervical fascia is the most superficial layer of deep cervical fascia, which wraps around the neck like a collar.
    • The prevertebral fascia is the deepest layer, and it covers the anterior aspects of the prevertebral muscles and the cervical vertebral column.
    • The prevertebral fascia envelops the thoracic duct, esophagus, pharynx, great vessels, and the brachial plexus.

    Kidney and Urinary System

    • The kidneys are bean-shaped organs situated retroperitoneally.
    • The renal cortex is the outer layer, and the renal medulla is the inner layer, containing the renal pyramids.
    • The renal papillae drain urine into the minor calyces, which feed into major calyces and then the renal pelvis, leading to the ureter.

    Renal Segments and Segmental Arteries

    • The renal segments include the apical, anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posterior and inferior.
    • The suprarenal artery, renal artery and interlobar arteries are involved in the blood supply.
    • The segments are important for segmental arteriography.

    Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys

    • The kidneys contain glomeruli (with the glomerular capsule) as well as convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle.
    • Parts of the nephron that make up the kidneys are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

    Clinical Relevance- Horseshoe Kidney

    • A horseshoe kidney occurs when the two developing kidneys fuse partially together to form a U-shaped structure and remain stuck behind the inferior mesenteric artery.

    Normal Constrictions of the Ureters

    • The ureters have three constricted points, at their union with the renal pelvis, at the pelvic inlet, and during their passage through the bladder wall.
    • The ureters carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.

    Anatomical details of Urinary Bladder and Parts of the Urethra.

    • Anatomical features of the bladder and urethra should be studied.

    Gastrointestinal System I-III

    • The digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines and anus.

    Mouth

    • The parotid gland secretes saliva, containing amylase, which assists in starch digestion.
    • The submandibular gland and sublingual glands secrete additional saliva.
    • Mechanical digestion in the mouth involves mixing and forming the bolus.

    Tongue

    • Sensory and motor nerves provide the tongue’s sensitivity and movements.

    The Pharynx

    • The pharynx comprises three constrictor muscles—superior, middle, and inferior—that propel food and liquids from the mouth into the esophagus.
    • The pharynx is used in swallowing but not digestion.

    Oepning of Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian Tube)

    • Serves to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.

    Anterior Wall of the Pharynx

    • The anterior wall of the pharynx contains the choana(posterior nasal aperture), posterior lip of the mouth, pharyngeal recesses, salpingopharyngeal fold.
    • It also contains the terminal sulcus of the tongue, pharyngo-epiglottic fold, aryepiglottic fold, and the piriform fossa.

    Stomach

    • The stomach mixes food with gastric juice and forms chyme for further digestion.
    • It is also involved in storage and the killing of bacteria.
    • Gastric juice contains HCI, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase.

    Arteries of the Stomach

    • The celiac trunk supplies the stomach, with branches such as the left gastric, proper hepatic and splenic arteries delivering blood.

    The Biliary Tree

    • The biliary tree collects bile (produced in the liver) and transports it to the duodenum.
    • The common hepatic duct joins with the cystic duct, from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.
    • Bile enters the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

    Junction of Bile Duct and Duodenum

    • The sphincter of Oddi controls bile flow into the duodenum.
    • The opening into the duodenum is flanked by two sphincters that regulate bile and pancreatic juice flow.

    The Pringle Maneuver

    • The Pringle maneuver is a surgical technique to temporarily clamp vessels to prevent liver bleeding.

    Visceral Surface of the Liver

    • The visceral surface of the liver reveals four anatomical lobes, demarcated by two sagittal fissures.
    • The fissures include the fossa for the gallbladder and the groove for the vena cava.
    • Other elements visible are the round ligament and ligamentum venosum.

    The Ligaments of the Liver

    • The falciform ligament attaches to the diaphragm, and the umbilical vein on the visceral surface of the liver.
    • Other ligaments include the coronary, right and left triangular, gastro-hepatic, and hepatoduodenal ligaments, as well as the ligamentum venosum.

    Coronary Ligament

    • The coronary ligament encompasses the bare area of the liver, situated between the upper and lower layers of the coronary ligament, which contacts the diaphragm.

    Blood Supply of the Liver

    • The liver receives blood from both arterial and venous sources.
    • The hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood, while the portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood.

    Celiac Trunk

    • The celiac trunk is a major artery supplying the foregut, branching into the left gastric artery, proper hepatic artery, and splenic artery.

    Spleen- Venous Drainage

    • The spleen receives blood from the celiac trunk via the splenic artery.
    • Deoxygenated blood drains from the spleen to the liver via the splenic vein, a tributary of the portal vein.

    Diverticulosis

    • A condition where pouches protrude from the large intestine.
    • Diverticula are typically concentrated in the sigmoid colon.
    • The condition diverticulitis results when the diverticula become inflamed.

    Volvulus

    • The condition volvulus presents a twisting of the intestine, and can have severe complications.
    • This can happen in the descending or sigmoid colon.

    Polyposis

    • Polyposis is characterized by the development of benign polyps throughout the large intestine.

    Hemorrhoids

    • Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the rectum and anal canal.
    • Internal hemorrhoids arise above the pectinate line, while external hemorrhoids arise below.

    Endocrine System

    • Endocrine organs regulate bodily functions through hormone production.

    Structures Palpable Via Rectal Examination (Male and Female)

    • Structures that can be palpated during a rectal examination can vary based on genders and age.

    Clinical

    • The clinical scenarios of abnormalities of the described parts of the body are detailed.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Revision II Anatomy of the Neck (11-12-2024) - PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key aspects of human anatomy related to the fascia, ureters, and other critical structures. This quiz covers various topics including embryological development, cranial nerves, and the functions of different anatomical components. Ideal for students in anatomy courses.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser