Human Anatomy & Physiology: Tissues & Integument

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes epithelial tissue?

It primarily serves the function of movement.

It is avascular and classified by cell layers and shape. (correct)

It consists of a high density of blood vessels.

It consists of a dense extracellular matrix.

Which type of connective tissue is most abundant by weight in the body?

Nervous tissue

Muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue (correct)

What is the function of extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissues?

To bind and support cells alongside facilitating tissue repair. (correct)

To enhance the control functions of nervous tissue.

To provide insulation and nourishment to epithelial tissues.

To prevent movement of muscle fibers.

Which of these is NOT a primary function of the skin?

Production of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

How is epithelial tissue primarily classified?

By the number of cell layers and their geometric shape. Signup and view all the answers

How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation when the body is warm?

By directing blood to the epidermis and promoting sweat production Signup and view all the answers

What role does melanin play in skin protection?

Absorbs harmful UV rays and protects stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of intraepidermal macrophages?

They provide immune surveillance and activate other immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the synthesis of Vitamin D in the skin?

It is essential for calcium homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What function does sebum serve in skin protection?

It contains defensins that inhibit microbial growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epidermal pegs in the skin?

To increase the surface area of the epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment primarily determines skin tone?

Melanin Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a malignant melanoma?

Diameter larger than 6 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for skin cancer?

Improved diet Signup and view all the answers

The dermis is primarily responsible for which of the following?

Binding the epidermis to underlying tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat gland is responsible for producing a milky secretion?

Apocrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of thermoregulation in the skin?

Maintaining body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue proper?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Produce melanin Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is known for having the highest number of dead cells?

Stratum corneum Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a network of fibers and a high amount of ground substance?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by the skin appearing yellowish due to liver dysfunction?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Chondrocytes are primarily found in which type of connective tissue?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which stratum of the epidermis acts as the primary layer for cell division?

Stratum basale Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of dense irregular connective tissue?

Random arrangement of fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood cells are primarily responsible for immune response?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are epidermal ridges primarily located on the body?

On the palm and sole surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Four Types of Tissues

Epithelial: Covers surfaces, avascular, classified by layers and cell shape.
Muscle: Responsible for movement.
Nervous: Controls body functions through nerve impulses.
Connective: Provides support and structure, most abundant tissue type by weight.

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Classified by cell layers (simple or stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
Avascular, relying on diffusion for nutrient and gas exchange.

Connective Tissue Function and Components

Binds and supports other tissues, protects against infections, aids in tissue repair and insulation.
Composed of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) of ground substance and protein fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular).
Different classes include connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood/lymph.

The Integumentary System

Consists of skin and accessory organs (hair follicles, glands, sensory receptors).
Two main layers: epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner).

Epidermis Details

Composed of multiple layers (strata) including corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.
Predominant cell type: keratinocytes (90%), produce keratin for protection.
Other cell types: melanocytes (produce melanin), Langerhans cells (immune function), and Merkel cells (touch sensation).
Entire cell turnover cycle takes 4-6 weeks.

Skin Pigmentation and Patterns

Color from melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin; increased UV exposure raises skin cancer risk.
Epidermal ridges enhance grip and result in fingerprints.

Dermis Structure

Thicker than the epidermis, provides structure and houses blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.
Divided into papillary (upper) and reticular (deeper) regions.

Skin Glands

Sebaceous (oily), apocrine (milky), eccrine (clear), and ceruminous (waxy).
Regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Functions of the Skin

Thermoregulation: Maintains temperature via blood flow adjustments and sweat production.
Blood Reservoir: Dermis holds 8-10% of total blood volume.
Protection: Chemical (sebum), physical (unbroken skin), and biological (immune responses).
Cutaneous Sensations: Detects pain, temperature, touch, pressure.
Excretion and Absorption: Minor role in waste elimination; absorbs certain substances.
Vitamin D Synthesis: UV exposure leads to vitamin D precursor synthesis, essential for calcium homeostasis.

Clinical Significance

Skin color as an indicator of health: cyanosis (hypoxemia), jaundice (liver dysfunction), erythema (infection/inflammation), pallor (shock/anemia).

Future Topics

Upcoming lecture will cover the nervous system and electrical signal generation.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of human tissues, focusing on epithelial and connective types. This quiz also covers the integumentary system, including the structure and function of the skin as well as its various roles. Ideal for students of HTHSCI 1H06 A/B at McMaster and Mohawk.