Human Anatomy: Body Tissues and Positions
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Questions and Answers

What type of body tissue carries electrical messages between the brain and the body?

Nervous tissue

What type of body tissue covers the surfaces of the body, both inside and out?

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following are types of muscle tissue?

  • Connective muscle
  • Smooth muscle (correct)
  • Skeletal muscle (correct)
  • Cardiac muscle (correct)

What is the main function of connective tissue?

<p>Support and connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical position.

<p>Standing erect with arms at the sides and palms facing forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the supine position?

<p>Lying on the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Fowler's position?

<p>Sitting at a 90°, 45°, or 75° angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Trendelenberg position is used for gynecological surgeries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cavity houses the brain?

<p>Cranial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are contained in the thoracic cavity?

<p>Heart and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the spinal cord?

<p>Spinal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

List some organs found in the abdominal cavity.

<p>Stomach, intestines, spleen, liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are contained in the pelvic cavity?

<p>Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

<p>The combined abdominal and pelvic cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cavities are included in the dorsal cavity?

<p>Cranial and spinal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plane divides the body into left and right sides?

<p>Sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plane divides the body into top and bottom parts?

<p>Transverse plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plane divides the body into front and back?

<p>Coronal/Frontal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are found in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

<p>Liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organs are found in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?

<p>Parts of the colon, left ovary and tube (female), left ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the right hypochondriac region?

<p>Right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epigastric region?

<p>Superior to the umbilical region</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the right lumbar region?

<p>The right lumbar region contains the right ascending colon, right kidney, and a portion of the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the umbilical region?

<p>The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus (belly button)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the left iliac region?

<p>Left lateral region of the lower row at the groin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RICE stand for?

<p>Rest, ice, compression, elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphylaxis?

<p>Severe allergic reaction to an allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 1st degree burn?

<p>Only the epidermis is damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

<p>Shaft of a long bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endosteum?

<p>Membrane lining the inside of a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteoblast?

<p>Bone-forming cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ossification?

<p>Process of bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hematopoiesis?

<p>Formation of blood cells in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

<p>Blood cell production (A), Support (B), Movement (C), Protection (D), Mineral storage (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fontanelles?

<p>Soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'spongy bone' refer to?

<p>Bone tissue composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound bone?

<p>Compound bone refers to the hard, dense outer layer of bone tissue known as compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an irregular bone?

<p>Bone of complex shape that protects internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a short bone?

<p>Cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sesamoid bone?

<p>Small, round bone embedded in a tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteomalacia?

<p>Softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spina bifida?

<p>A congenital defect where the spinal canal does not close completely around the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple fracture?

<p>Bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound fracture?

<p>Bone breaks through the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a greenstick fracture?

<p>Bending and incomplete break of a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compression fracture?

<p>Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gliding joint?

<p>Allows one bone to slide over another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pivot joint?

<p>Rotating bone turns around an axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ellipsoid joint?

<p>Found in the wrist and knuckles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a saddle joint?

<p>Found at the base of each thumb</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

<p>Found in the shoulder and hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are cervical vertebrae located?

<p>Top of the spinal column</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

<p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are lumbar vertebrae located?

<p>Lower back</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are true ribs?

<p>First 7 pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are floating ribs?

<p>Last two pairs of ribs, which do not attach to the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the xiphoid process?

<p>Lower, narrow portion of the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scoliosis?

<p>Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is arthritis?

<p>General inflammation of a joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Autoimmune disorder that attacks joints and other organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gout?

<p>Metabolic disease characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis?

<p>Condition characterized by weak and brittle bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rickets?

<p>Vitamin D deficiency in children, leading to bone deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bunion?

<p>Painful swelling at the base of the big toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hammertoe?

<p>Toe bent downward at the proximal interphalangeal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is whiplash?

<p>Cervical muscle and ligament sprain or strain from sudden head and neck movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biceps?

<p>Muscle located on the anterior aspect of the upper arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is smooth muscle found?

<p>Lining of body's passageways and hollow internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cardiac muscle found?

<p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is skeletal muscle?

<p>Muscle that is attached to bones and enables movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contractibility?

<p>Ability to shorten</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is excitability?

<p>Ability to respond to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the muscular system?

<p>Posture (A), Movement (B), Heat production (C), Joint stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nervous Tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body - pertains to the nervous system

Epithelial Tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

Muscle Tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move - cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts.

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Anatomical Position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

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Supine Position

Lying on the back - used for sleeping and common surgeries

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Prone Position

Lying on abdomen, facing downward - used for spinal surgeries

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Fowler's Position

Sitting at a 90, 45, or 75 degree angle

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Trendelenberg Position

The body is laid flat on the back (supine position) with the feet higher than the head - used for gynecological surgeries or inspections

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Cranial Cavity

Houses the brain

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Thoracic Cavity

Contains heart and lungs

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Spinal Cavity

Contains the spinal cord

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Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

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Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

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Dorsal Cavity

Includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

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Ventral Cavity

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right sides (S=SIDES)

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Transverse Plane

Divides body into top and bottom parts (T=TOP)

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Coronal/Frontal Plane

Divides body into front and back

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Right Upper Quadrant

Contains Liver, Right Kidney, Colon, Pancreas, Gallbladder

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Right Lower Quadrant

Contains cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube (female), right ureter

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Left Upper Quadrant

Contains liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas

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Left Lower Quadrant

Part of colon, left ovary and tube (female), left ureter

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Right Hypochondriac Region

right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

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Epigastric Region

Superior to the umbilical region

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Left Hypochondriac Region

Left upper region below the rib cartilage

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Right Lumbar Region

Right middle region near the waist

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Umbilical Region

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus (belly button)

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Left Lumbar Region

Left middle region near the waist

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Right Iliac Region

Right lateral region of the lower row at the groin

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Hypogastric Region

Inferior to the umbilical region

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Left Iliac Region

left lateral region of the lower row at the groin

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Study Notes

Tissues of the Body

  • Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals between the brain and body.
  • Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces.
  • Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement (cardiac, smooth, skeletal).
  • Connective tissue supports and connects body parts.

Body Positions

  • Anatomical position: Standing erect, arms at sides, palms forward.
  • Supine: Lying on the back.
  • Prone: Lying on the abdomen.
  • Fowler's position: Sitting at an angle (90, 45, or 75 degrees).
  • Trendelenburg position: Supine with feet elevated.

Body Cavities

  • Cranial cavity: Contains the brain.
  • Thoracic cavity: Contains the heart and lungs.
  • Spinal cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
  • Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver.
  • Pelvic cavity: Contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum.
  • Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal and pelvic cavities combined.
  • Dorsal cavity: Cranial and spinal cavities.
  • Ventral cavity: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Body Planes

  • Sagittal plane: Divides body into left and right halves.
  • Transverse plane: Divides body into superior and inferior halves.
  • Coronal/Frontal plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior halves.

Abdominal Quadrants and Regions

  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ): Liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, gallbladder.

  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ): Cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube/ureter (female).

  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ): Liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas.

  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ): Part of colon, left ovary and tube/ureter (female).

  • Right hypochondriac region: Right upper region below rib cartilage.

  • Epigastric region: Superior to the umbilical region.

  • Left hypochondriac region: Left upper region below rib cartilage.

  • Right lumbar region: Right middle region near the waist.

  • Umbilical region: Centermost region, around the navel.

  • Left lumbar region: Left middle region near the waist.

  • Right iliac region: Right lateral region of the lower row at the groin.

  • Hypogastric region: Inferior to the umbilical region.

  • Left iliac region: Left lateral region of the lower row at the groin.

First Aid and Injuries

  • RICE for injuries: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
  • Anaphylaxis: Severe allergic reaction.
  • Burns: First-degree (epidermis only), second-degree (epidermis and dermis), third-degree (all skin layers).

Bones

  • Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone.
  • Epiphysis: End of a long bone.
  • Endosteum: Membrane lining the inside of a bone.
  • Periosteum: Dense fibrous membrane covering the outside of bone.
  • Osteoblast: Bone-forming cell.
  • Osteoclast: Bone-destroying cell.
  • Osteocyte: Mature bone cell.
  • Ossification: Bone formation.
  • Hemopoiesis: Blood cell formation in bone marrow.
  • Skeletal system functions: Blood cell production, mineral storage, movement, protection, support.
  • Fontanelles: Soft spots on a newborn's skull.
  • Spongy bone: Porous, with small needlelike pieces.
  • Compact bone: Hard, outer layer of bone.
  • Irregular bones: Complex shapes (vertebrae, pelvis, skull).
  • Short bones: Cube-shaped (carpals, tarsals).
  • Long bones: Longer than wide (femur, phalanges, humerus).
  • Flat bones: Large surface area (skull, ribs).
  • Sesamoid bones: Small, round bones in tendons (patella).
  • Osteomalacia: Bone softening (vitamin D deficiency).
  • Spina bifida: Congenital spinal defect.
  • Fractures: Simple (clean break), compound (penetrating skin), greenstick (incomplete break), comminuted (crushed), stress (small crack), compression (pressed together).

Joints

  • Gliding joint: Bones slide over each other (wrist, ankles).
  • Hinge joint: Movement in one plane (elbow, knee).
  • Pivot joint: Rotation around an axis (radius/ulna).
  • Ellipsoid joint: Oval-shaped surfaces (wrist, knuckles).
  • Saddle joint: Allows grasping and rotation (thumb).
  • Ball-and-socket joint: Wide range of movement (shoulder, hip).

Vertebrae and Ribs

  • Cervical vertebrae: 7, top of the spine. Unique for its atlas and axis.
  • Thoracic vertebrae: 12, outward curve of the spine.
  • Lumbar vertebrae: 5, lower back.
  • True ribs: First 7 pairs, connect directly to the sternum.
  • False ribs: Ribs 8-12 (2 total), connected indirectly.
  • Floating ribs: Last two pairs, not connected to the sternum.
  • Xiphoid process: Lower, narrow portion of the sternum.

Spine Conditions

  • Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine.
  • Kyphosis: Outward curvature of the spine (hunchback).
  • Lordosis: Inward curvature of the spine (swayback).

Joint Disorders

  • Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
  • Osteoarthritis: Wear-and-tear arthritis.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune joint disease.
  • Gout: Metabolic arthritis due to uric acid.
  • Osteoporosis: Bone weakening.
  • Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency in children.

Foot Conditions

  • Bunions: Painful swelling on the big toe.
  • Hammertoe: Bent toe at the proximal interphalangeal joint.

Muscle Injuries

  • Whiplash: Cervical muscle/ligament injury from sudden head/neck movement.
  • Sprains: Ligament injury.
  • Strains: Muscle/tendon injury.

Muscle Types

  • Biceps: Anterior upper arm muscle.
  • Triceps: Posterior upper arm muscle.
  • Smooth muscle: Found in internal organs.
  • Cardiac muscle: Found in the heart.
  • Skeletal muscle: Attaches to bones for movement.

Muscle Properties

  • Contractibility: Ability to shorten.
  • Excitability: Ability to respond to stimuli.
  • Extensibility: Ability to be stretched.

Muscular System Functions

  • Movement, posture, joint stability, heat production.

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Description

This quiz explores the different tissues of the body, their functions, and the various anatomical positions. Additionally, it covers the key body cavities, including the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in human anatomy!

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