Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

Questions and Answers

What is anatomy?

Study of the structure of body parts.

What does 'hist' refer to?

Tissues.

What is histology?

Microscopic study of tissues.

What does 'cyto' stand for?

Cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is cytology?

Microscopic study of cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is physiology?

Study of the function of body parts. Signup and view all the answers

What are TEN life processes that distinguish living from non-living things?

Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion. Signup and view all the answers

What are FIVE environmental needs?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, heat, pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

Tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback are most homeostatic mechanisms regulated by?

Negative feedback. Signup and view all the answers

What are THREE components of a homeostatic mechanism?

Thermoreceptors, hypothalamus (control center), skin blood vessels, sweat glands, heart, lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when body temperature increases?

Sweating, dilation of blood vessels, increase heart rate, increase breathing rate. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when body temperature decreases?

Shivering, inactivation of sweat glands, constriction of blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal body temperature?

37°C or 96.8°F. Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural levels of organization?

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, human organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What does the appendicular portion consist of?

Arms, legs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the axial portion consist of?

Head, neck, trunk. Signup and view all the answers

What are the TWO major cavities into which the axial portion is divided?

Dorsal cavity, ventral cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the TWO parts of the dorsal cavity?

Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the TWO parts of the ventral cavity?

Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the thoracic cavity made up of?

Lungs, mediastinum, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland. Signup and view all the answers

What is the abdominal region in the abdominopelvic cavity made up of?

Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestines, large intestines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pelvic region in the abdominopelvic cavity made up of?

Rectum/anus, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a soft, thin pliable layer of tissue?

Membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the TWO functions of a membrane?

Covers an organ (visceral membrane), lines a body cavity (parietal membrane). Signup and view all the answers

What is found in the space between a visceral and parietal membrane?

Serous fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'cardi' refer to?

Heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the serous membrane of the heart called?

Pericardium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane on the surface of the heart?

Visceral pericardium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane that lines the cavity where the heart is located?

Parietal pericardium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between the two membranes of the heart called?

Pericardial cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pleur' refer to?

Lung. Signup and view all the answers

What is the serous membrane of the lungs called?

Pleura. Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane on the surface of the lung?

Visceral pleura. Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane that lines the cavity where the lungs are located?

Parietal pleura. Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between the two membranes of the lungs called?

Pleural cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane on the surface of the abdominal organs?

Visceral peritoneum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane that lines the cavity where the abdominal organs are located?

Parietal peritoneum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between the two membranes of the abdominal organs called?

Peritoneal cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the THREE anatomical positions?

Standing erect, face forward, palms forward. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts, while physiology studies their functions.

Key Terminology

Histology: Microscopic study of tissues.
Cytology: Microscopic study of cells.

Life Processes

TEN life processes that distinguish living organisms from non-living matter:
- Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion.

Environmental Needs

FIVE essential environmental needs for survival:
- Nutrients, oxygen, water, heat, pressure.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to an organism's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback.

Homeostatic Mechanism Components

THREE key components involved in maintaining homeostasis:
- Thermoreceptors, hypothalamus (control center), skin blood vessels, sweat glands, heart, lungs.

Body Temperature Regulation

Increased Body Temperature: Results in sweating, blood vessel dilation, increased heart rate, and elevated breathing rate.
Decreased Body Temperature: Triggers shivering, sweat gland inactivation, and blood vessel constriction.
Normal body temperature is approximately 37°C (96.8°F).

Structural Levels of Organization

Structural organization progresses from atoms to human organisms:
- Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Human Organism.

Body Regions

Appendicular Portion: Comprises arms and legs.
Axial Portion: Includes head, neck, and trunk.

Body Cavities

The axial portion divides into two major cavities:
- Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral parts) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic parts).
Thoracic Cavity: Contains lungs, mediastinum, heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland.
Abdominal Region: Houses stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestines, and large intestines.
Pelvic Region: Comprises rectum/anus, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs.

Membranes

A membrane is a soft, pliable layer of tissue with TWO primary functions:
- Covers organs (visceral membrane) and lines body cavities (parietal membrane).
Serous Fluid: Found in the space between visceral and parietal membranes.

Cardiac and Pulmonary Membranes

Pericardium: Serous membrane of the heart.
Visceral Pericardium: Membrane on the heart's surface.
Parietal Pericardium: Lines the heart's cavity.
Pericardial Cavity: Space between the heart membranes.
Pleura: Serous membrane of the lungs, with visceral and parietal layers and a pleural cavity.

Abdominal Cavity Membrane

Visceral Peritoneum: Covers abdominal organs.
Parietal Peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneal Cavity: Space between the peritoneal membranes.

Anatomical Position

THREE key characteristics define the anatomical position:
- Standing erect, face forward, palms facing forward.

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This quiz covers key terms and definitions from Chapter 1 of Human Anatomy & Physiology. Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts such as anatomy, histology, and cytology. Perfect for students beginning their study of the human body.