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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a possible fate of a daughter cell after cell division?
Which of the following is NOT a possible fate of a daughter cell after cell division?
Which of the following cell types is known to continue undergoing cell division throughout its lifespan?
Which of the following cell types is known to continue undergoing cell division throughout its lifespan?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
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Which of the following is an example of a cell that can be induced to divide by an appropriate stimulus?
Which of the following is an example of a cell that can be induced to divide by an appropriate stimulus?
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What is the result of mitosis?
What is the result of mitosis?
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What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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Which of the following is a type of cellular adaptation that involves an increase in the number of cells?
Which of the following is a type of cellular adaptation that involves an increase in the number of cells?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign neoplasm?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign neoplasm?
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What is the process of cells changing into a different cell type in response to an injury or disease called?
What is the process of cells changing into a different cell type in response to an injury or disease called?
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During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell most vulnerable to DNA damage?
During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell most vulnerable to DNA damage?
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What is the defining feature of anaphase?
What is the defining feature of anaphase?
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Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the interphase stage of the cell cycle?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the interphase stage of the cell cycle?
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Which of the following best describes the function of centrioles?
Which of the following best describes the function of centrioles?
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What is the significance of a karyotype?
What is the significance of a karyotype?
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During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes become visible as condensed structures?
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes become visible as condensed structures?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between chromosomes and chromatids?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between chromosomes and chromatids?
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Which of these cellular processes is NOT directly involved in cell division?
Which of these cellular processes is NOT directly involved in cell division?
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Flashcards
Interphase
Interphase
The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division, including G1, S, and G2 phases.
G1 Phase
G1 Phase
The first part of interphase where normal cellular activities, cell growth, and organelle duplication occur.
S Phase
S Phase
The part of interphase where DNA replication occurs, preparing for cell division.
Mitotic Phase
Mitotic Phase
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Cell Type Categories
Cell Type Categories
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy
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Atrophy
Atrophy
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Neoplasm
Neoplasm
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Chromosome
Chromosome
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Chromatid
Chromatid
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Gene
Gene
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Karyotype
Karyotype
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Prophase
Prophase
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Metaphase
Metaphase
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Telophase
Telophase
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Study Notes
Human Anatomy Lecture 2: The Cell Cycle
- In humans, 100 billion cells die every 24 hours and need to be replaced.
- The cell cycle accomplishes this.
Stages of the Cell Cycle: Principal Events
- Interphase:
- G1 Phase: Normal cellular activities, cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis
- S Phase: DNA replication
- G2 Phase: Synthesis of proteins, microtubules
- Mitotic Phase:
- Nuclear division
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division
General Information
- Possible fates of "daughter" cells:
- Differentiate (specialize), age, or die
- Rest as "uncommitted" cells
- Enter a new cell cycle immediately
- Capacity to grow and divide varies with cell type, as does the rate of these processes.
Three Major Categories of Cells Based on Division Ability
-
Category 1: Cells that are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide:
- Mature red blood cells
- Neurons (nerve cells)
- Skeletal muscle cells (may increase in size, not in number)
-
Category 2: Cells that normally do not divide but can be induced to do so by an appropriate stimulus:
- Liver cells
- Lymphocytes (white blood cells)
-
Category 3: Cells that continually undergo cell division because they are subject to frequent destruction:
- Skin cells
- Cells of the esophagus
- Bone marrow cells
Terminology Related to Cell Division
- Chromosome: Dark-staining, threadlike body in the nucleus, composed of DNA and protein, contains genetic information, single strand
- Chromatid: Duplicated chromosome
- Gene: Unit of DNA found at a particular "locus" (location), provides instructions for the production of a specific protein
Centrioles
- Composed of microtubules
- Two cylindrical structures
- Serves as the organizing center for the mitotic spindle
Karyotype
- Number and type of chromosomes an individual has
- A normal human karyotype has 23 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 46)
- 22 pairs are autosomes
- 1 pair are sex chromosomes (XX in females, XY in males).
The Cell Cycle: Interphase vs. Mitotic Phase
- Interphase: The non-dividing stage of the cell cycle; focuses on DNA replication and growth
- Noticeably longer than the mitotic phase
- Mitotic Phase: The actively dividing phase.
Interphase: Detailed Information
- S Phase: DNA replication, highly regulated, cell is very vulnerable during this phase, potential for damage to DNA is very high. Rapidly dividing cells are especially vulnerable (skin, GI tract, etc.)
- G2 Phase: Continued growth and protein synthesis
Stages of Mitosis
- Prophase:
- Nuclear membrane disappears
- Chromosomes condense
- Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell
- Metaphase:
- Paired chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell (metaphase plate)
- Anaphase:
- Chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell
- Telophase:
- The nucleus divides into two identical cells with the same DNA composition
- Cytokinesis occurs: Division into two daughter cells
Results of Mitosis
- Two identical daughter cells are produced
- Daughter cells may divide again
- Daughter cells may permanently remain in interphase
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis: Occurs in most body cells; results in two identical daughter cells.
- Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Meiosis: Occurs in sex cells (ova and sperm); results in four daughter cells.
- Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Cellular Adaptations
- Cells change in response to stimuli or injury to adapt to unfavorable conditions.
- Hypertrophy: Increase in size of cells
- Atrophy: Decrease in size of cells
- Hyperplasia: Increase in mitotic activity and number of cells
- Metaplasia: Changes in cells in response to disease or chronic irritation, resulting in transformation into a different cell type
- Neoplasm: "New cell mass", rapid multiplication (benign vs. malignant)
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Description
This quiz covers the cell cycle, including its stages and major events like interphase and mitotic phase. Learn about the different phases of cell division and the fates of daughter cells. Test your knowledge on the types of cells based on their division abilities.
