Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is an electrode?
What is an electrode?
A piece of metal that conducts potentials from the skin to the electrocardiograph.
How many leads are in a standard ECG (Electrocardiogram)?
How many leads are in a standard ECG (Electrocardiogram)?
Bipolar limb leads measure potential difference between specific points on the limbs, such as Lead I measures potential difference between left arm (VL) & Rt.Arm which is __ - __.
Bipolar limb leads measure potential difference between specific points on the limbs, such as Lead I measures potential difference between left arm (VL) & Rt.Arm which is __ - __.
VL - VR
Unipolar chest leads measure the potential at certain points on the chest facing the heart.
Unipolar chest leads measure the potential at certain points on the chest facing the heart.
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What is the function of coagulase in Staphylococci?
What is the function of coagulase in Staphylococci?
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Which organisms produce catalase enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide?
Which organisms produce catalase enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide?
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Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis patterns on blood agar.
Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis patterns on blood agar.
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_______ ________ causes a swelling of the capsule in S.pneumoniae in the Quellung reaction.
_______ ________ causes a swelling of the capsule in S.pneumoniae in the Quellung reaction.
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Match the following components with their functions in ABP measurement:
Match the following components with their functions in ABP measurement:
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Study Notes
Human Anatomy and Embryology
- Right Ventricle
- Located in the heart
- Right Atrium
- Located in the heart
- Tricuspid valve
- Located between the right atrium and ventricle
- Left atrium
- Located in the heart
- Coronary sinus
- Located in the heart
- Inferior vena cava
- Located in the heart
- Descending Thoracic Aorta
- Located near the heart
- Oesophagus
- Located near the heart
- Right coronary artery
- Located near the heart
- Posterior interventricular artery
- Located near the heart
- Pulmonary valve
- Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
- Papillary muscle
- Located in the right ventricle
- Anterior interventricular artery
- Located near the heart
- Apex
- Located at the bottom of the heart
- Superior sternal angle
- Located near the heart
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Located near the heart
- Superior vena cava
- Located near the heart
- Azygos vein
- Located near the heart
- Thoracic duct
- Located near the heart
- Arch of azygos
- Located near the heart
- Arch of aorta
- Located near the heart
Cell Biology
- Wall of heart
- Consists of cardiac muscle fibers
- Endomysium: a layer of connective tissue surrounding cardiac muscle fibers
- Intercalated disc: a gap between cardiac muscle fibers allowing for electrical conduction
- Central oval nuclei: found in cardiac muscle fibers
- Wall of large artery (Aorta)
- Consists of three layers: tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima
- Tunica adventitia: outer layer of connective tissue
- Tunica media: middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- Tunica intima: inner layer of endothelial cells
- Wall of IVC (Inferior Vena Cava)
- Consists of three layers: tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima
- Medium-sized artery and vein
- Wall consists of three layers: tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Staphylococci
- General characteristics: coagulase positive or negative, catalase positive
- Examples: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
- Microbiology Laboratory steps to identify Staphylococcus aureus
-
- Selective media: Mannitol salt agar
-
- Identification of colonies: Gram stain, biochemical reactions
-
- Catalase test: differentiates Staphylococci from Streptococci
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- Coagulase test: differentiates S. aureus from S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus
-
- Gram-positive cocci
- Streptococci: long chains, non-spore forming, non-motile, capsule of hyaluronic acid
- Examples: S. pyogenes, S. viridans, S. pneumoniae
- Microbiology Laboratory diagnosis of S. pyogenes
-
- Sample: according to clinical presentation
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- Direct film: morphology
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- Culture: enriched media, optimum temperature 37°C
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- Identification: morphology, biochemical reactions, bacitracin sensitivity test
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- Serology: specific identification of S. pyogenes
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- Microbiology Laboratory diagnosis of S. pneumoniae
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- Specimens: sputum
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- Direct film: Gram-positive diplococci
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- Culture: enriched media, optimum temperature 37°C
-
- Identification: morphology, biochemical reactions, fermentation of inulin, bile solubility, sensitivity to optochin
-
Blood Pressure
- Arterial blood pressure (ABP)
- Lateral force exerted by the moving column of blood on the lateral wall of arteries
- Normally oscillating during the cardiac cycle
- Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
- Maximum pressure created inside the arteries during ventricular systole
- Normal range: 90-140 mm Hg at rest
- Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
- Minimum pressure remains inside the arteries at the end of ventricular diastole
- Normal range: 60-90 mm Hg at rest
- Pulse pressure
- Difference between systolic and diastolic BP
- Normal range: 40 mm Hg at rest
- Manometers
- Mercury manometers
- Aneroid manometers
- Digital electronic manometers
- Measurement of ABP in man
- Using a mercury sphygmomanometer
- Technique: many precautions, including patient position, arm support, and cuff size
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Definition: graphic representation of the cardiac electrical activity
- Electrode: a piece of metal that conducts potentials from the skin to the electrocardiograph
- Lead: a particular arrangement of each two electrodes
- Types of leads
- Bipolar leads (3)
- Unipolar leads (9)
- Unipolar limb leads (3)
- Unipolar chest leads (6)
- ECG recording
- Standard ECG: 12-lead ECG
- Additional leads may be used in special situations
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Description
This quiz covers the different parts of the heart, including the right ventricle, atrium, valves, and coronary arteries. Test your knowledge of human anatomy and embryology.
