L 17

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Questions and Answers

What anatomical feature is indicated by a line that separates the atria from the ventricles?

Interatrial sulcus

Coronary sinus

Atrioventricular groove (correct)

Interventricular groove

In which anatomical location can the apex of the heart be found?

Left 4th intercostal space

Right 5th intercostal space

Left 5th intercostal space (correct)

Right 4th intercostal space

Which groove is responsible for separating the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Right atrioventricular groove (correct)

Posterior interventricular sulcus

Left atrioventricular groove

What separates the two ventricles from each other?

Interventricular groove Signup and view all the answers

Which component lies above and behind the ventricles in the heart?

Atria Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the heart is described by a line that is slightly convex to the right?

Right border Signup and view all the answers

What connects the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Left atrioventricular groove Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the grooves or sulci of the heart?

To separate different chambers Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight of the heart in males?

300g Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position of the heart?

Obliquely placed behind the sternum Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of the heart compare to common objects?

About the size of a human fist Signup and view all the answers

In which location does one-third of the heart lie?

To the right of the median plane Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical landmarks define the upper border of the heart?

Lower border of second left costal cartilage to upper border of third right costal cartilage Signup and view all the answers

How much of the heart is located to the left of the median plane?

Two thirds Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of the heart's location to the diaphragm?

The heart is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a landmark for the cardiac surface anatomy?

Upper border of the first right costal cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the heart lies to the right side of the median plane?

33% Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical region contains the heart?

Thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation? (review)

To connect the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood from the placenta once it enters the right atrium during fetal circulation?

It travels into the left atrium via the oval foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which structure opens at the upper end of the smooth posterior part of the right atrium?

Superior venacava Signup and view all the answers

What component is located in the rough anterior part of the right atrium?

Crista terminalis Signup and view all the answers

During fetal life, why does most blood in the pulmonary trunk bypass the lungs? (review)

Due to the high resistance in fetal pulmonary vessels Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the tricuspid valve from the bicuspid valve?

The number of cusps it possesses Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian valve in the inferior venacava? (review)

To guide fetal blood flow to the left atrium Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the right atrium are the Thebesian vein openings found? (review)

Smooth posterior part Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen saturation level in the umbilical arteries during fetal circulation?

58% Signup and view all the answers

What separates the smooth posterior part from the rough anterior part in the right atrium? (review)

Crista terminalis Signup and view all the answers

Where does the coronary sinus open in relation to the inferior venacava's opening?

Between the inferior venacava and the right atrioventricular orifice Signup and view all the answers

Which structure represents the smallest veins draining into the heart?

Venae cordis minimi Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the pectinate part of the right atrium?

It has ridges formed by pectinate muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT located in the smooth posterior part of the right atrium?

Musculi pectinati Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the papillary muscles within the heart?

To anchor the chordae tendineae and help prevent valve prolapse Signup and view all the answers

Which wall of the left atrium features the fossa lunata? (review)

Septal wall Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the right and left ventricles?

Interventricular septum Signup and view all the answers

What type of orifice does the left atrium pump blood into?

Left atrioventricular orifice Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is specifically responsible for guarding the aortic orifice?

Aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of valves are present in the heart?

Two pairs Signup and view all the answers

Which papillary muscle is located on the septum side of the left ventricle?

Septal papillary muscle Signup and view all the answers

What general feature does the inferior wall of the left ventricle possess? (review)

Two distinct parts: a rough part and a smooth part Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins does the left atrium receive blood from?

Four pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle structure aids in preventing blood regurgitation within the heart?

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Location and Position of the Heart

Conical muscular organ located in the middle mediastinum within the pericardium
Superior surface of the diaphragm, left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
Weight- 300g in males, 250g in females
Size- Approximately the size of your fist

Surface Anatomy of the Heart

Upper border: straight line joining the lower border of the 2nd left costal cartilage to the upper border of the 3rd right costal cartilage
Lower border: straight line joining the lower border of the 6th right costal cartilage to the superior venacava

Chambers of the Heart

4 Chambers: Two atria (right atrium & left atrium) and Two ventricles (right & left)
The atria lie above and behind the ventricles

Grooves/Sulci of the Heart

Atrioventricular groove/Coronary sulcus (right & left): on the surface of the heart, separates the atrium from the ventricles
Interventricular groove/Sulcus (anterior & posterior): separates the two ventricles from each other
Interatrial groove/Sulcus: separates the two atria from each other

Right Atrium

Divided into three parts: smooth posterior part (sinus venarum), rough anterior part (pectinate part including the auricle), interatrial septum
Smooth Posterior Part: shows the openings of: superior venacava, inferior venacava, coronary sinus, thebesian veins
Inferior Venacava Opening: guarded by a valve of inferior venacava (Eustachian valve)
Coronary Sinus Opening: guarded by valve of coronary sinus
Rough Anterior Part: includes the crista terminalis and musculi pectinati

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins
Pumps it to the left ventricle through left atrioventricular or bicuspid or mitral orifice
Features: septal wall shows fossa lunata, receives four pulmonary veins and few vena cordis minimi

Left Ventricle

Features: The interior is divisible into two parts: lower rough part with trabeculae carneae, upper smooth part or aortic vestibule
Interior shows two orifices: left atrioventricular/bicuspid/ mitral orifice, aortic orifice
Has two well developed papillary muscles

Interventricular Septum

Separates the right and left ventricle
Upper thin membranous part and lower thick muscular part

Valves of the Heart

Maintain the unidirectional flow of blood
Two pairs of valves: atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves
Right atrioventricular valve: tricuspid valve (3 cusps)
Left atrioventricular valve: bicuspid valve (2 cusps)
Semilunar valves: aortic and pulmonary valves (both with 3 semilunar cusps)

Fetal Circulation

Blood from the placenta, about 80% saturated with oxygen, returns to the fetus by way of the umbilical vein
Most of this blood flows through the ductus venosus directly into the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
Blood from the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava enters the right atrium
Blood is guided past the foramen ovale into the left atrium
Blood in the right ventricle flows through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta, bypassing the pulmonary circulation
Blood then flows toward the placenta by way of the two umbilical arteries

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Description

This quiz covers the location, surface anatomy, and chambers of the heart, detailing its conical structure and position within the chest. Explore the anatomy of the heart, including the grooves and sulci that define its function. Test your knowledge and understanding of this vital organ's components.