Human Anatomy: Cardiovascular System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

  • Remove excess fluid from tissues
  • Fight infections
  • Transport oxygen and waste products (correct)
  • Regulate blood pressure

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

  • Right atrium (correct)
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle

Where is the apex of the heart located?

  • Behind the sternum at the 3rd intercostal space
  • Along the left midclavicular line at the 5th intercostal space (correct)
  • Along the right midclavicular line
  • At the level of the 2nd intercostal space

What does stroke volume (SV) measure?

<p>The volume of blood pumped with each heartbeat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure acts as the heart's pacemaker?

<p>SA node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the 'lub' sound in the heartbeat?

<p>Closure of the atrioventricular valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the circulatory system is primarily responsible for fighting infections?

<p>Lymphatic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sympathetic input affect heart rate?

<p>It increases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

What are the main components of the circulatory system?

The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products, regulates body temperature, and helps fight infection.

What is the lymphatic system's role?

The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes, vessels, and lymph. It removes excess fluid from tissues, filters it, and returns it to the bloodstream. It also helps fight infection.

Where is the heart located in the chest?

The base of the heart is located behind the sternum, near the 2nd intercostal space, and the apex is positioned along the left midclavicular line at the level of the 5th intercostal space.

What are the major tissues of the heart?

The endocardium lines the inside of the heart, the myocardium forms the muscular wall, the epicardium is the outer lining, and the pericardium is the fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart.

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What are the chambers of the heart?

The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

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How do the heart valves create the 'lub-dub' sound?

The atrioventricular (AV) valves, including the tricuspid and mitral valves, create the 'lub' sound when they close. The semilunar valves, including the pulmonic and aortic valves, produce the 'dub' sound when they close.

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Describe the path of blood flow through the heart.

Blood flow through the heart: Superior/Inferior vena cava --> Right atrium --> Tricuspid valve --> Right ventricle -->Pulmonic valve --> Pulmonary arteries --> Lungs --> Pulmonary veins --> Left atrium --> Bicuspid valve --> Left ventricle --> Aortic valve --> Aorta --> Body

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How does the heart's conduction system work?

The heart's conduction system controls heart rhythm and doesn't rely on the nervous system. It starts with the SA node (pacemaker), then impulses travel through the AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
  • Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products
  • Regulates body temperature and internal organ function
  • Protects via the immune system, preventing infection and limiting blood loss through clotting

Lymphatic System

  • Removes excess fluid from tissues, filters it, and returns it to the bloodstream
  • Aids in fighting infections

Heart Location

  • Base: behind the sternum at the height of the second intercostal space
  • Apex: along the left midclavicular line at the height of the fifth intercostal space

Heart Tissues

  • Endocardium: inner lining of the heart
  • Myocardium: muscular layer
  • Epicardium: outer lining of the heart
  • Pericardium: fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart

Heart Chambers

  • Right atrium (RA)
  • Right ventricle (RV)
  • Left atrium (LA)
  • Left ventricle (LV)

Heart Valves

  • Atrioventricular valves (lub sound):
    • Tricuspid valve: between RA and RV
    • Mitral (bicuspid) valve: between LA and LV
  • Semilunar valves (dub sound):
    • Pulmonic valve: between RV and pulmonary artery

Blood Flow Through the Heart

  • Superior/inferior vena cava → RA → tricuspid valve → RV → pulmonic valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → mitral valve → LV → aortic valve → aorta → body

Conduction System of the Heart

  • SA node (pacemaker) → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
  • Initiates and controls heart contractions without external nervous system input

Cardiac Function Terms

  • Heart rate (HR): number of heart beats per minute
  • Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood pumped with each beat
  • Cardiac output (CO): blood pumped per unit time (HR x SV)

Autonomic Nervous System Influence

  • Parasympathetic input decreases heart rate
  • Sympathetic input increases heart rate

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

  • Measures the heart's electrical activity using surface electrodes
  • P wave: atrial depolarization
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
  • ST segment: delay before ventricular repolarization
  • T wave: ventricular repolarization

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