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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Where is the apex of the heart located?
Where is the apex of the heart located?
What does stroke volume (SV) measure?
What does stroke volume (SV) measure?
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What structure acts as the heart's pacemaker?
What structure acts as the heart's pacemaker?
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What causes the 'lub' sound in the heartbeat?
What causes the 'lub' sound in the heartbeat?
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Which component of the circulatory system is primarily responsible for fighting infections?
Which component of the circulatory system is primarily responsible for fighting infections?
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How does sympathetic input affect heart rate?
How does sympathetic input affect heart rate?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products
- Regulates body temperature and internal organ function
- Protects via the immune system, preventing infection and limiting blood loss through clotting
Lymphatic System
- Removes excess fluid from tissues, filters it, and returns it to the bloodstream
- Aids in fighting infections
Heart Location
- Base: behind the sternum at the height of the second intercostal space
- Apex: along the left midclavicular line at the height of the fifth intercostal space
Heart Tissues
- Endocardium: inner lining of the heart
- Myocardium: muscular layer
- Epicardium: outer lining of the heart
- Pericardium: fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart
Heart Chambers
- Right atrium (RA)
- Right ventricle (RV)
- Left atrium (LA)
- Left ventricle (LV)
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular valves (lub sound):
- Tricuspid valve: between RA and RV
- Mitral (bicuspid) valve: between LA and LV
- Semilunar valves (dub sound):
- Pulmonic valve: between RV and pulmonary artery
Blood Flow Through the Heart
- Superior/inferior vena cava → RA → tricuspid valve → RV → pulmonic valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → mitral valve → LV → aortic valve → aorta → body
Conduction System of the Heart
- SA node (pacemaker) → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
- Initiates and controls heart contractions without external nervous system input
Cardiac Function Terms
- Heart rate (HR): number of heart beats per minute
- Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood pumped with each beat
- Cardiac output (CO): blood pumped per unit time (HR x SV)
Autonomic Nervous System Influence
- Parasympathetic input decreases heart rate
- Sympathetic input increases heart rate
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
- Measures the heart's electrical activity using surface electrodes
- P wave: atrial depolarization
- QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
- ST segment: delay before ventricular repolarization
- T wave: ventricular repolarization
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Description
Explore the intricate details of the cardiovascular system, including its structure, functions, and heart anatomy. Learn about the heart's chambers, tissues, and valves, as well as the roles of the lymphatic system in maintaining fluid balance and fighting infections.
