Human Anatomy Heart Quiz

Cardiovascular System

• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.
• The heart is a muscular pump that pumps blood into the blood vessels.
• The heart is located behind the sternum and costal cartilage, extending from the 2nd rib to the 6th rib, between the two lungs.
• The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
• The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and sends blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
• The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary valve.
• The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins and sends blood to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
• The left ventricle sends blood to the body through the aorta and aortic valve.
• The big blood vessels connected to the heart are veins (Superior vena cava, 4 pulmonary veins, Inferior vena cava) and arteries (Aorta, Pulmonary trunk).
• Heart valves (tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve) ensure one-way blood flow.
• The heart is supplied with blood by coronary arteries (right and left coronary artery).

Types of Circulation

• Systemic circulation: The blood travels from the left ventricle to the body, then returns to the right atrium.
• Pulmonary circulation: The blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs, then returns to the left atrium.
• Portal circulation: Venous blood from the digestive tract enters the portal vein, then enters the liver, and finally returns to the inferior vena cava

Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart, except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood.
• Capillaries connect arteries to veins, allowing gas exchange.

Respiratory System

• The respiratory system includes the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
• The nose is a part of the external nose and nasal cavity which is surrounded by paranasal sinuses.
• Functions of the nose: Smell; Filtration and warming of inspired air; Decrease weight of skull; Increase resonance of voice
• The pharynx is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity.
• The larynx is made of 9 cartilages and functions as the passage of air into the trachea and production of voice.
• The trachea is a 10-12 cm tube that transmits air to the lungs. Consists of 16-20 C-shaped cartilages.
• The bronchi are two tubes that branch from the trachea, one leading to the right lung and the other to the left lung.
• The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more oblique (in comparison to the left).
• The left bronchus is narrower, longer and more horizontal.
• Lungs; divided into lobes (right lung has 3 lobes, and left lung has 2 lobes); contain alveoli (air sacs) for gas exchange.

Joints and Muscles

• A joint is the contact between two or more bones.
• Types of joints: Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints.
• Fibrous joints have no joint cavity, example are sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses.
• Sutures are present in the skull; The bones of the skull are connected together by a thin layer of fibrous tissue.
• Gomphoses are present in the teeth; The roots of teeth are connected to their sockets by a fibrous tissue.
• Syndesmosis is present in inferior tibio-fibular joint, where the lower end of tibia and fibula are connected together by a fibrous tissue.
• Cartilaginous joints have no joint cavity; example are primary and secondary cartilaginous joints
• Primary cartilaginous joints are temporary and disappear by ossification
• Secondary cartilaginous joints are permanent and have a limited movement, example are symphysis pubis and intervertebral
• Synovial joints have a joint cavity, example are uniaxial, biaxial, polyaxial, non axial, hinge, condylar, ellipsoid, saddle joints, and ball-socket joints.

Types of Muscles

• Muscle types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
• Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton, voluntary, multinucleated with peripheral nuclei.
• Smooth muscles are found in the walls of blood vessels and viscera; involuntary; spindle-shaped with a single nucleus
• Cardiac muscles are located in the myocardium of the heart; involuntary, branched and fuse together with single nucleus

Types Of Bones

• Bones are classified by shape: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
• Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus) have a shaft and two ends.
• Short bones (e.g., carpal and tarsal bones) are roughly cube-shaped.
• Flat bones (e.g., skull cap, sternum) are thin and flat.
• Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, hip bone) have complex shapes.
• Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella) develop inside tendons at friction sites.

Bone Structure (long bone)

• Epiphysis: covered by hyaline cartilage.
• Diaphysis: contains compact bone containing bone marrow and is covered by periosteum
• Metaphysis: lies in between epiphysis and diaphysis; contains epiphyseal plate of cartilage for bone length growth

Bone Growth

• Bone length growth occurs in the epiphyseal plate of cartilage
• Bone diameter growth occurs in the periosteum.

Other Information

• Anatomical Position: Standing erect, eyes forward, arms straight by the sides, palms facing forward, and thumbs laterally directed.
• Supine: lying on the back.
• Prone: lying on the front.
• Lateral decubitus: lying on the side.
• Superior/ Cranial = towards the head.
• Inferior/ Caudal= towards the feet.
• Medial= nearer to the midline
• Lateral= away from the midline.
• Proximal = nearer to the root of the limb.
• Distal = farther from the root of the limb.
• Superficial = nearer to the surface of the body.
• Deep = farther from the surface of the body.
• Sagittal plane (Median plane): divides the body into right and left halves.
• Paramedian plane: parallel to the sagittal plane, divides the body into right and left parts.
• Coronal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
• Transverse plane (horizontal plane): divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Function of Bones

• Shape of the body
• Form basis of attachment of muscles and ligaments
• Forms rigid support for weight-bearing activities
• Forms rigid support to allow movements
• Important storage site for calcium and phosphorus in the body.
• Protects vital organs (e.g., skull protects brain, rib cage protects heart & lungs).

Test your knowledge on the human heart with this quiz. Answer questions about the chambers, valves, and the flow of blood through the heart. Perfect for students learning about anatomy and physiology.