Cardiovascular & Respiratory System BMS 101 PDF

BMS 101 Cardiovascular system &respiratory system DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1- List components of the cardiovascular system 2-Idendify site and characters o...

BMS 101 Cardiovascular system &respiratory system DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1- List components of the cardiovascular system 2-Idendify site and characters of the heart and name connected blood vessels 3-Describe types of circulation 4-Describe the different parts of respiratory system. 5-list the differences between right and left lungs. 6-State differences between the right& left bronchi 2 Cardiovascular system Dr. Mogeda3 Mahdy It consists of: 1-The heart 2- blood vessels: Heart Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Heart it is muscular pump which pumps the blood into the blood vessels. Site: behind the sternum and costal cartilage. It extends from the 2nd rib to 6th. between two lungs Dr. Mogeda5 Mahdy The heart has four chambers Two atria: Right atrium Left atrium Two ventricles: Right atrium Right ventricle Left trium Left ventricle Left ventricle Right ventricle Dr. Mogeda6 Mahdy The big blood vessels connected to the heart veins arteries Superior vena cava Aorta 4 pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Inferior vena cava  Valves of the heart Aortic valve: Pulmonary valve: at opening of at opening of the aorta pulmonary trunk Mitral valve Left atrium between left atrium and left Right atrium ventricle Tricuspid valve Left ventricle between right Right ventricle atrium and right ventricle 8  Heart Chambers Left atrium Receives Right atrium blood from :Receives blood Pulmonary veins from IVC & SVC. from lungs. Sends blood to Rt Sends blood to Lt ventricle through ventricle through Tricuspid valve Left atrium Mitral valve Right atrium Leftventricle: Right ventricle :Receives Receives blood blood from Rt atrium. from Lt atrium. Left ventricle Sends blood to Sends blood to pulmonary arteries to Right ventricle Aorta through lungs through Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Arterial supply of the heart Coronary arteries 10 Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of Circulations Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation ❑ right ventricle ❑ Left ventricle pulmonary artery Aorta lungs Body gaseous gaseous exchange exchange pulmonary veins superior & inferior left atrium Vena cava Right atrium 11 Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of circulation Portal circulation Venous blood from digestive tract into portal vein enters the liver Inferior vena cava 12 Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Blood vessels Arteries: Veins: It carries the blood It carries the blood from from the heart to the the periphery to the heart. periphery. It carries deoxygenated It carries oxygenated blood except the blood except the pulmonary veins which pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood. which carry deoxygenated blood. Capillaries: connect arteries to vein Dr. Mogeda 13 Mahdy Respiratory system Dr. Mogeda 14 Mahdy Nose and paranasal sinuses. -Pharynx. -Larynx. -Trachea. -Bronchi (right & left) -Lungs (right & left). Dr. Mogeda 15 Mahdy Nose: it is formed of external nose and nasal cavity which surrounded by paranasal sinuses Functions of the nose: 1-Smell 2-Filtration and warming of inspired air Function of paranasal sinuses Decrease weight of skull Increase resonance of voice Nose Dr. Mogeda16Mahdy  Pharynx The pharynx is the part of the throat behind the Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx mouth and nasal cavity, and larynx Oral Oropharynx cavity Larynx Laryngopharynx Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Larynx consisting of 9 cartilages 3 single 3 paired Functions of larynx 1- passage of air into trachea 2-production of voice Dr. Mogeda18Mahdy  Trachea It is 10-12 cm patent tube transmits the air from the larynx to the lungs. It consists of 16-20 C- shaped Trachea cartilages. Begins at C6 vertebra Ends at sternal angle of louis(Lower border of T4 by dividing into 2 bronchi Dr. Mogeda19Mahdy  Bronchi Right bronchus -Wider. Left bronchus -Shorter -Narrower. -Oblique (more in line with trachea) -Longer -Horizontal Dr. Mogeda20Mahdy Lateral surface Lungs Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 21 Medial surface and hilum Lungs Right lung Left lung Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 22 larger , shorter & wider smaller , longer & narrower No cardiac notch has a cardiac notch Has 2 fissures ( oblique & horizontal ) Has one fissures ( horizontal) 3lobes ( upper , middle & lower) 2 lobes ( upper & lower ) Right lung Left lung Dr. Mogeda23Mahdy  Test yourself 1-The right atrium receives blood from: A-Superior and inferior vena cava. B-Pulmonary artery. C-Aorta. D-Pulmonary veins. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2-Regarding the pulmonary circulation, which of the following statements is true? A-The blood passes from the right ventricle to the right atrium. B-Oxygenated blood is collected by the veins into the right atrium. C-Oxygenated blood returns from the lung to the left atrium. D-Deoxygenated blood passes through the aorta to all tissues of the body. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-Regarding the lungs, which of the following statements is correct: A-The right lung is shorter and broader than the left. B-The left lung possesses three lobes. C-The right lung has a cardiac notch. D-The right lung has one fissure Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Joints & muscles DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1-Define the joints 2- classify the joint and list its types 4- classify types of muscles 5-list types muscle action 2 Joints  Joints A joint is the contact between two or more bones. Types of joints: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Fibrous Joints. The opposed bony surfaces are connected by fibrous tissue. There is no joint cavity No movements Types of fibrous joint Gomphoses syndesmoses Sutures Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Sutures ○ Present in the skull ○ The bones of skull are connected together by a thin layer of fibrous tissue Dr. Mogeda 6 Mahdy  Gomphoses Present in the teeth. The roots of teeth are connected to their sockets by a fibrous tissue. Dr. Mogeda 7 Mahdy  Syndesmosis Present in the inferior tibio fibular joint The lower end of tibia and fibula are connected together by a fibrous tissue Dr. Mogeda 8 Mahdy  Cartilaginous Joint The opposed bony surfaces are connected by cartilage There is no joint cavity Types of Cartilaginous Joint Primary cartilaginous joint Secondary Cartilaginous Joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 1 – Primary cartilaginous joint : Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage It is temporary Disappears by ossification. No movement Site : at the ends of long bones epiphyseal plate in children between epiphysis and diaphysis 10  2- Secondary Cartilaginous Joint -The two bones joined by white fibrocartilaginous disc -Permanent -Limited degree of movement Site: symphysis pubis and intervertebral Dr. Mogeda 11 Mahdy 12 Synovial Joint Characteristics (Structure )of synovial joint 1-Joint cavity 2-fibrous capsule. 3-synovial membrane 4-synovial fluid. 5-articular cartilage. 6-ligaments Movements: are always possible. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of synovial joints Biaxial: non axial Uniaxial: Polyaxial: (plane): Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Uniaxial: A-hinge (horizontal axis) Elbow joint interphalangeal Humerus Ankle joint Radius ulna  Uniaxial: B-pivot (vertical axis) example : superior radioulnar joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2 - Biaxial: has two perpendicular axes of movement. There 3 types: A- condylar e.g knee joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy B- (ellipsoid) Joints : wrist joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2 - Biaxial: C-Saddle Joints e.g Carpo metacarpal joint of the thumb Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3- Polyaxial: Called ball and socket Allow all types of movements. Shoulder joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 4 – non axial (plane): Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other e.g,. superior tibio-fibular joint MOVEMENTS OF JOINT Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Flexion :approximate two anterior surface Extension :two anterior surface away from each other Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Abduction 🡪 moving a limb away from midline Adduction 🡪 moving a limb towards the midline Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 23  Rotation: Medial or lateral rotation of the limb around a vertical axis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Pronation :medial rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face posteriorly Supination::lateral rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face anteriorly Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Muscles Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  muscles Muscle tissue is characterized by the property of contraction Types of muscle 1--Skeletal 2- Smooth 3- Cardiac Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of muscles skeletal Cardiac smooth Site Attached to skeleton, In the myocardium of Walls of blood vessels the heart and viscera Contraction Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Striations Present Present but less than in Absent skeletal muscle Nerve supply Somatic nerve Autonomic nerve Autonomic nerve Muscle cell (fiber) Multinucleated with Branch and fuse Spindle-shaped with peripheral nuclei together with single single nucleus nucleus.  Skeletal muscles 1- Attachment of skeletal muscles Origin: usually the most fixed attachment (proximal attachment). Insertion: usually the most mobile attachment (distal attachment). Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Skeletal muscles 1- Types of attachment Attachment to bone (common type) Attachment to fibrous raphe Attachment to skin Attachment to intermediate tendon Attachment to cartilage Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Form of Skeletal Muscles The muscle form depends on the arrangement of the muscle fibers in relation to the line of pull (line extending between the origin & insertion). Muscles with parallel fibers Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Form of skeletal muscle Muscles with oblique fibers Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg  Test yourself 1-The following is an ellipsoid joint: A- Inferior radioulnar B- Superior radioulnar C- Intercarpal joints D- Wrist joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2- The type of elbow joint is: A- Ellipsoid B- Saddle C- Condylar D- Hinge Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-The joints between skull bones are called A- Suture B- Syndesmosis C- Synchondrosis D- Symphysis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Anatomical terms- cartilage – bone Dr.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Identify anatomical terms Describe anatomical position Describe the type, site of cartilage Classify the skeleton List functions of bones 2  Anatomical position 1. Standing erect. 2. Eyes looking forwards 3. Arms straight by the sides. 4. Palms facing forwards. 5. Thumb directed laterally. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  The body lies on its back The body lies on its face The body lies on its side (right or left) Lateral decuibtus Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Anterior = In frontAnatomical of = Terms posterior Anterior (dorsal) Nearer to the front of the (ventral) body Posterior = Behind = Nearer to the back of the body Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Terms of Position Superior (upper or cranial) = Nearer to the upper end of the body. Inferior (lower or caudal) = Nearer to the lower end of the body. Median = exactly in the middle line. Medial = nearer to the median plane. Lateral = away from the median plane. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Proximal = nearer to the root of the limb. Distal = away from the root of the limb. Superficial = towards the skin or the surface of the body. Deep = further away from the skin or the surface of the body. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Anatomical Planes (Median plane) It cuts the body It is the vertical plane which vertically into passes in the middle line of anterior & the body.it divides the body into 2 equal half right and left posterior parts. Paramedian plane: It is parallel to the median (horizontal plane) plane. It divides the body into right and left parts It runs horizontally cutting the body into superior & inferior parts. The Skeleton is formed of (206 bones) Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Classification of Skeleton 1- According to their position in the body: ❑ Axial skeleton bones in the midline of the body ❑ Appendicular skeleton bones of the limbs & their girdles Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Axial skeleton Axial skeleton formed of: 1. Skull and mandible 2. Ribs 3. Sternum 4. Vertebral column 5. Hyoid bone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Skull: is the skeleton of the cranium and face and consists of 21 immovable bones which are joined to each other at sutures. Mandible: is the skeleton of the lower jaw and is the only movable bone in the head. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy ✓Ribs (12 pairs) ✓Sternum  Formed of Vertebral column 33 vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae Cervical vert 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae fused Thoracic to form sacrum vert 2-4 coccygeal vertebrae fused to form coccyx Lumbar vert Sacral vert Coccygeal vert Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder girdle + Free upper limb pelvic girdle + Free Lower limb Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Bones of the upper limb 1.bones of the shoulder girdle is formed of scapula & clavicle 2- bone of the free limb Bone of the arm -Humerus Bone of the forearm - radius and ulna Bone of the hand – carpal – metacarpal and phalanges  Bones of the lower limb Bones of the lower limb consists of: 1-bones of pelvic girdle (hip bone) 2-bones of free limb Hip bone Bone of the thigh: femur Bones of the leg: a. Tibia: medially b. Fibula: laterally Femur Bones of the foot: a. Tarsus Fibula b. Metatarsus Tibia c. Phalanges Tarsal bones { Foot Metatarsals Phalanges Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2-According to the process of ossification (Bone formation): A-Intra-membranous ossification: Occurs in some bones, e.g. clavicle, skull cap and mandible. The bones are developed directly from mesenchyme. B-Intra-cartilaginous ossification: It occurs in long bones, vertebrae, ribs and base of skull. The mesenchyme is changed at first into a cartilage model. Then the cartilage is changed into bone. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3-According to Shape Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Types of bones according to shape 1) Long bones : (2 ends & a shaft) 🡪 femur, humerus The metacarpals, metatarsals, & phalanges are considered as small long bones as they have 2 ends & a shaft Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Structure of long bone Epiphysis : covered by hyaline cartilage Diaphysis: 1. Compact bone containing bone marrow 2. Covered e fibrous sheath periosteum 3. Epiphyseal plate of cartilage length Metaphysis: lies in the upper and lower part of the diaphysis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Growth of long bone 1- in length epiphyseal plate of cartilage 2- in diameter periosteum Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  2)short bones 🡪 carpal & tarsal bones Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3) flat bones bones of skull cap sternum scapula Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  4)Irregular bones 🡪 vertebrae/ hip bone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  frontal 5) Pneumatic bones ( air filled spaces inside some skull bones) maxilla Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Pneumatic bones ( air filled) Pneumatic bones make skull lighter & add resonance to voice. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 6) Sesamoid bone develop inside the tendon of some muscles at the sites of friction) 🡪 patella Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Functions of the bones 1- it gives the body its shape. 2-enters in the formations of joints. 3-it gives attachment to muscles and ligaments. 4- it forms rigid support for movements and weight. 5- formation of blood elements. 6- the big store for calcium and phosphorus 7-Protects the organs, the skull protects the brain, and thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg  Test yourself 1-The plane which divides the body into 2 equal halves right and left is: a-Median plane b-Coronal plane c-Paramedian plane d-Horizontal plane Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2-The patella is a: a-Short bone. b-Long bone. c-Flat bone. d-Seasamoid bone. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-The following statement describes the anatomical position: a-The eyes are looking backwards. b-The upper limbs are hanging by the sides. c-The palms are facing backwards. d-The thumbs are directed medially. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 4-The anatomical term that means “away from the median plane” is: A-Lateral. B-Medial. C-Distal. D-Proximal. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy