Questions and Answers
What is another term for the piloerector muscle?
arrector muscle
List the layers of the skin from top to bottom.
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, dermis
The major contribution of the __________ system is that it acts as a barrier between the environment and the body.
integumentary
The __________ system requires proper functioning of the integumentary system for the synthesis of calcitriol.
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Skin assists endocrine function by playing a role in vitamin-D synthesis.
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Sebaceous glands are a form of sudoriferous gland.
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Which types of skin cancer are considered the three most common?
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Which of the following statements about burn treatment is true? (Select all that apply)
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Which structure is highlighted in the cadaver skin?
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Match each type of cutaneous gland with its product:
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What primarily determines whether individuals have darker or lighter skin?
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Why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis?
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The epidermis is avascular.
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The _______ are the undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes.
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Which degree of burn involves the entirety of the dermis and often requires skin grafts?
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Study Notes
Skin Anatomy and Function
- Skin serves as a barrier between environment and body, protecting against mechanical trauma and pathogens.
- Major layers include epidermis (superficial), dermis (middle), and hypodermis (deep).
Layers of the Skin
- Epidermis: Composed of 4-5 layers, avascular, and mainly made of keratinocytes.
- Dermis: Contains hair follicles and sweat glands, composed of two layers: papillary and reticular.
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous): Composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue, highly vascular.
Epidermal Layers (from superficial to deep)
- Stratum corneum: 30 layers of dead keratinocytes.
- Stratum lucidum: Present in thick skin areas (like soles of feet).
- Stratum granulosum: 3-5 layers with keratohyalin granules.
- Stratum spinosum: Keratinocytes connected by desmosomes, containing dendritic cells.
- Stratum basale: Deepest layer, containing mitotically active stem cells.
Cell Types in the Skin
- Keratinocytes: Produce keratin, involved in waterproof barrier.
- Melanocytes: Produce melanin, providing UV protection.
- Dendritic cells: Function as immune cells, guarding against pathogens.
- Tactile cells: Sensory receptors for touch.
- Stem cells: Indirectly contribute to new keratinocyte production.
Glandular Structures
- Sebaceous glands: Produce sebum to lubricate skin and hair, usually associated with hair follicles.
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: Help in thermoregulation.
- Ceruminous glands: Produce earwax to protect the ear canal.
Hair Functions
- Scalp hair provides insulation and UV protection.
- Vibrissae (whiskers) sense the environment and protect eyes.
- Body hair signals maturity and transmits pheromones.
Skin Cancer Types
- Basal cell carcinoma: Most common type, rarely spreads.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: Arises from keratinocytes, can metastasize.
- Melanoma: Deadliest type if metastasized, originates from melanocytes.
Burns Classification
- First degree: Affects epidermis, causes redness, edema, and pain.
- Second degree: Involves epidermis and part of dermis, often with blisters.
- Third degree: Affects entire dermis and possibly deeper tissues, may require grafts.
Factors Influencing Skin Color
- Increased melanin production leads to darker skin.
- Melanin clumping and degradation rates affect pigment density.
Injections in Hypodermis
- Frequent site for injections due to high vascularity, allowing for quicker absorption into the bloodstream.
Key Functions of the Skin
- Sensation: Houses numerous nerve endings.
- Thermoregulation: Vasodilation and vasoconstriction manage blood flow during temperature changes.
- Endocrine function: Plays a role in vitamin D synthesis and calcium homeostasis.
- Nonverbal communication: Facial muscles influence skin movement and expressions.
Miscellaneous
- Friction ridges on fingers create fingerprints.
- Specialized skin features include flexion creases and different hair follicle structures (cuticle, cortex, medulla).
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Description
This quiz focuses on the anatomy of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, covering essential terms and definitions. You'll label the parts of the skin, identify skin layers, and understand the cell types involved in skin structure. Perfect for students studying human anatomy!
