Cardiovascular Review PDF

Cardiovascular Review Components of the Circulatory System Cardiovascular System  Comprised of heart, blood vessels & blood  Functions  Transportation of O2 and CO2, nutrients, and waste products  Regulation of body temperature and internal organ function  Protection vi...

Cardiovascular Review Components of the Circulatory System Cardiovascular System  Comprised of heart, blood vessels & blood  Functions  Transportation of O2 and CO2, nutrients, and waste products  Regulation of body temperature and internal organ function  Protection via immune system fighting infection and limiting blood loss via clotting Lymphatic System  Comprised of lymph nodes, lymph vessels & lymph  Function o Removes excess fluid from tissues, filters it, & returns it to the bloodstream o Aids with fighting infection Location of Heart  Base: behind the sternum at the height of the 2nd intercostal space  Apex: along the L midclavicular line at the height of the 5th intercostal space Tissues of the Heart  Inside lining of the heart: endocardium  Muscular layer: myocardium  Outside lining of the heart: epicardium  Fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart: pericardium Chambers of the Heart  Right atrium (RA)  Right ventricle (RV)  Left atrium (LA)  Left ventricle (LV) Valves of the Heart  Atrioventricular valves cause the “lub” when they close o Tricuspid valve: between RA and RV o Mitral (bicuspid) valve: between LA and LV  Semilunar valves cause the “dub” when they close o Pulmonic valve: between RV and pulmonary artery Cardio 1  o Aortic valve: between LV and aorta Blood Flow through the Heart  Superior/Inferior vena cavaRAtricuspid valveRVpulmonic valvepulmonary arterieslungspulmonary veinsLAbicuspid valveLVaortic valveaortabody Conduction System of the Heart  Does not rely on input from the nervous system like skeletal muscle  Heart’s pacemaker: SA node  Transmission: SA nodeAV nodeBundle of HisBundle branchesPurkinje fibers Cardiac Function Terminology  Heart rate (HR): number of times the heart beats per minute  Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood pumped with each heartbeat  Cardiac output (CO): volume of blood pumped per unit of time (CO = HR x SV) Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System  Parasympathetic input causes decreased HR  Sympathetic input causes increased HR Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) Cardio 2  Measures electrical activity of the heart using surface electrodes R P wave: depolarization of atria QRS complex: depolarization of ventricles P T ST segment: delay before repolarization of ventricles Q S T wave: repolarization of ventricles References: Giles SM. PTAEXAM: The Complete Study Guide. Scarbrough, ME: Scorebuilders; 2008. Goodman and Boissanault. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2010. Heibert, J. Lecture Notes: Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. Rockhurst University PT Program, 1997. O’Sullivan and Schmitz. Physical Rehabilitation. 5th ed. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, 2007. Ryan KE. National PTA examination Review and Study Guide. Evanston, IL: IER; 2008. Cardio 3