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Questions and Answers
What is the primary component of plasma?
Which type of extracellular fluid surrounds all cells except blood cells?
What are erythrocytes primarily responsible for?
What is the lifespan of a mature red blood cell?
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What percentage of plasma is made up of proteins?
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Which component of blood is produced in the red bone marrow of adults?
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What is the approximate pH range of blood?
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How many red blood cells are typically found in one mm³ of blood?
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What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?
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What is the viscosity of blood compared to water?
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What component of hemoglobin is responsible for the red color of blood?
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What is the primary function of red blood cells?
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What happens to the iron when red blood cells are broken down?
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What percentage of total carbon dioxide transport in the blood occurs through the globin portion of hemoglobin?
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Which type of cell functions primarily to destroy parasites?
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What defines the hematocrit value in blood?
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What type of white blood cells account for approximately 60% of all WBCs?
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Why is iron always attached to carrier proteins in the body?
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What is the role of heparin produced by basophils?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of white blood cells?
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What percentage of all white blood cells do lymphocytes account for?
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Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for the activation of the immune response?
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Monocytes develop into which type of cell when matured?
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What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
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What do hemocytoblasts differentiate into to form red blood cells?
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What is the role of the lymphatic system?
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Which of the following describes macrophages?
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Where are hemocytoblasts located in adults?
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Which component of blood is produced from the fragmentation of megakaryocytes?
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Which lymphatic organ functions in immune response development?
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What percentage of interstitial fluid typically reenters the blood?
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What characteristic do lymphatic capillaries have?
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What role do valves in lymphatic vessels serve?
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Which of the following mechanisms does NOT facilitate lymph circulation?
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Where is the right lymphatic duct located in relation to lymph drainage?
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What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for the proliferation of T lymphocytes?
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What is the main function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
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Which of the following best describes the lymphatic system's drainage direction?
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What is the location of B lymphocyte proliferation and maturation?
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Study Notes
Extracellular Fluids
- Three types of extracellular fluids: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph.
- Interstitial fluid surrounds all cells except blood cells.
- Blood Plasma surrounds blood cells.
- Lymph is located within lymph vessels.
Blood
- Composed of cells (formed elements) and plasma.
- Blood is more viscous than water.
- Adults have 4-6 liters of blood.
- Blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.
- Blood temperature is maintained at 38°C, slightly higher than body temperature due to constant movement and heat production.
Blood: Plasma
- 90% of plasma is water.
- 8% of plasma is protein: albumin (maintains tissue osmolarity and pH), fibrinogen (important for clotting), globulins (transport, immunity).
- 2% of plasma is other solutes: gases (O2 and CO2), ions, nutrients (glucose), hormones (estrogen, testosterone).
Blood: Formed elements
- Consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) lose their nucleus when they mature, becoming anuclear.
- RBCs live for 120 days before breakdown in the spleen.
- RBCs are produced in the red bone marrow (ribs, sternum) of adults.
- There are 4.3 to 5.8 million RBCs per mm3 of blood.
Blood: Formed Elements (RBCs)
- Contain large quantities of hemoglobin (Hb), composed of heme and 4 globin chains.
- Heme is pigmented and responsible for the red color of blood.
- Heme contains iron (Fe), which binds to and transports O2 throughout the body.
- Iron is recycled upon RBC breakdown and used in bile production.
- Free iron is toxic and always attached to a carrier protein (transferrin, ferritin).
- Globin portion transports CO2 throughout the blood.
- Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume that is RBCs, typically ~40%.
Blood: Formed Elements (WBCs)
- Leukocytes are alive at maturity and are larger than RBCs.
- Function to fight infection.
- Live for many years.
- ~5,000-10,000 WBCs per mm3 of blood, significantly increasing during infection.
- Two classes: granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Blood: Formed Elements (Granulocytes)
- Neutrophils: phagocytes, ~60% of WBCs.
- Eosinophils: destroy parasites, control inflammation, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, ~2.4% of WBCs.
- Basophils: produce histamine (allergy, inflammation), heparin (decreases blood clotting), ~0-1% of WBCs.
Blood: Formed Elements (Agranulocytes)
- Lymphocytes: responsible for adaptive immunity, ~20-25% of WBCs.
- Two types of lymphocytes:
- T lymphocytes: activate immune response and kill infected cells.
- B lymphocytes: develop into plasma cells that produce and secrete immunoglobulins (antibodies).
- Monocytes: called macrophages when mature, professional phagocytes, present in tissues, ~4-8% of WBCs.
Blood: Formed Elements (Platelets)
- Key players in blood clot formation.
- Produced from megakaryocyte fragmentation.
- Short lifespan of ~5-10 days.
- 250,000-500,000 platelets per mm3 of blood.
Hematopoiesis
- Generation of all formed elements in the blood.
- Hemocytoblasts are hematopoietic stem cells located in red bone marrow.
- Red bone marrow in adults is in the axial skeleton, proximal ends of humerus/femur, pectoral/pelvic girdles.
- Hemocytoblasts develop into reticulocytes and then into red blood cells.
The Lymphatic System
- Functions in bodily defense against infection.
- Composed of lymph, lymphatic organs/tissues, and lymphatic vessels/capillaries.
The Lymphatic System (Lymph)
- Formed from interstitial fluid, similar in consistency to plasma.
- 90% of interstitial fluid reenters the blood.
- 10% of interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, which are blind-ended.
- Lymphatic capillaries drain into collecting tubules, which have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow.
- Lymph flow is unidirectional (away from tissues) and assisted by skeletal muscle movement, valves, pressure changes during breathing, and smooth muscle contractions in lymphatic vessel walls.
The Lymphatic System (Lymph Nodes)
- Located along collecting vessels.
- Filter lymph, removing microorganisms, viruses, and debris.
- Lymphatic vessels lead into either the right lymphatic duct (drains lymph from areas other than the lower body into the right subclavian vein) or the thoracic duct (drains lymph from the lower body into the left subclavian vein).
- The thoracic duct begins as the cisterna chyli in the abdomen.
The Lymphatic System (Lymphatic Organs)
- Two classes: primary and secondary.
- Primary lymphatic organs:
- Red bone marrow: site of B lymphocyte proliferation and maturation, also the site of T and B lymphocyte origin in the fetus.
- Thymus: site of T lymphocyte proliferation and maturation.
- Secondary lymphatic organs:
- Spleen: site of T and B lymphocyte proliferation, filters blood, destroys old RBCs, bacteria, and toxins.
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Description
Explore the essential components of blood and the different types of extracellular fluids in human anatomy. This quiz covers the characteristics of blood plasma, formed elements, and the roles of interstitial fluid and lymph. Test your knowledge on key concepts related to bodily fluids and their functions.
