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The bones that
form the longitudinal axis of the body
The bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body
Axial skeleton
the bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Joints give these parts of the skeleton flexibility and allow movement to occur
the bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Joints give these parts of the skeleton flexibility and allow movement to occur
Appendicular skeleton
What are the other functions of the bones besides contributing to the body structure?
What are the other functions of the bones besides contributing to the body structure?
Support, protection, allow movement, storage and blood cell formation
Bones, the “steel girders” and “reinforced concrete” of the body, form the internal framework that supports the body and cradles Its soft organs. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand,
and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall
Bones, the “steel girders” and “reinforced concrete” of the body, form the internal framework that supports the body and cradles Its soft organs. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall
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One of the function of bones that the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers
to move the body and its parts. As a result, we can breathe, walk, swim, and throw a ball. Before continuing, take a moment to
One of the function of bones that the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. As a result, we can breathe, walk, swim, and throw a ball. Before continuing, take a moment to
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Bone itself serves as a storehouse for minerals, the most important of
which are??
Bone itself serves as a storehouse for minerals, the most important of which are??
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What is the other term of blood cell formation?
What is the other term of blood cell formation?
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How many bones are there in an adult skeleton?
How many bones are there in an adult skeleton?
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What are the two basic types of bone? Or osseous
What are the two basic types of bone? Or osseous
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is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
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has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge
has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge
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Bones are classified according to shape into four groups what are these?
Bones are classified according to shape into four groups what are these?
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are typically longer than they are wide. As a rule, they
have a shaft with enlarged end. These are mostly compact bone but also contain spongy bone at the ends. All the bones in the limbs except the patella, the wrist and angkle are these kind of bones
are typically longer than they are wide. As a rule, they have a shaft with enlarged end. These are mostly compact bone but also contain spongy bone at the ends. All the bones in the limbs except the patella, the wrist and angkle are these kind of bones
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are thin, flattened, and usually
curved. They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone) are these bones.
are thin, flattened, and usually curved. They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone) are these bones.
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are generally cube-shaped and
contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of Compact bone. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones. Sesamoid (ses′ah-moyd) bones, which form within tendons, are a special type of____?
are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of Compact bone. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones. Sesamoid (ses′ah-moyd) bones, which form within tendons, are a special type of____?
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a small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces
a small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces
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The vertebrae,
which make up the spinal column, fall into this
group. Like short bones, they are mainly spongy
bone with an outer layer of compact bone
The vertebrae, which make up the spinal column, fall into this group. Like short bones, they are mainly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
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makes up most of the bone’s length and is composed of compact bone
makes up most of the bone’s length and is composed of compact bone
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The diaphysis is covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane
The diaphysis is covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane
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Hundreds of connective
tissue fibers, called____?, secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.
Hundreds of connective tissue fibers, called____?, secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.
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are the ends of long bones. Each of these consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone.
are the ends of long bones. Each of these consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone.
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It covers the epiphyse external surface. Because this is a glassy hyaline cartilage, it provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at
the joint when covered by lubricating fluid.
It covers the epiphyse external surface. Because this is a glassy hyaline cartilage, it provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at the joint when covered by lubricating fluid.
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there is a thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different from the rest of the bone in that area. This Is the____?
there is a thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different from the rest of the bone in that area. This Is the____?
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seen in a young, growing bone. This cause the lengthwise growth of a long bone. By the end of puberty, when hormones inhibit long bone growth, this have been completely replaced by bone, leaving only the epiphyseal lines to mark their previous
location.
seen in a young, growing bone. This cause the lengthwise growth of a long bone. By the end of puberty, when hormones inhibit long bone growth, this have been completely replaced by bone, leaving only the epiphyseal lines to mark their previous location.
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The inner bony surface of the shaft is covered by a delicate connective tissue called_____?
The inner bony surface of the shaft is covered by a delicate connective tissue called_____?
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The inner bony surface of the shaft is covered
by a delicate connective tissue called endosteum.
In infants, the cavity of the shaft, called the?
The inner bony surface of the shaft is covered by a delicate connective tissue called endosteum. In infants, the cavity of the shaft, called the?
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is a storage area for red marrow,
which produces blood cells. Children’s bones contain red marrow until the age of 6 or 7, when it is
gradually replaced by yellow marrow
is a storage area for red marrow, which produces blood cells. Children’s bones contain red marrow until the age of 6 or 7, when it is gradually replaced by yellow marrow
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reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where blood vessels and nerves pass
reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where blood vessels and nerves pass
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What are the two categories of bone markings?
What are the two categories of bone markings?
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One of the categories of bone markings which are the indentations in the bone
One of the categories of bone markings which are the indentations in the bone
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One of the categories of bone markings which grow out from the bone surface
One of the categories of bone markings which grow out from the bone surface
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There is a little trick for remembering some of the bone markings listed in the table: All the terms beginning
with _____ are projections, and the terms beginning
with ____(except facet) are depressions.
There is a little trick for remembering some of the bone markings listed in the table: All the terms beginning with _____ are projections, and the terms beginning with ____(except facet) are depressions.
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Under a microscope spongy bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone called
Under a microscope spongy bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone called
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The communication pathway
from the outside of the bone to its interior (and Athe central canals) is completed by____?
The communication pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior (and Athe central canals) is completed by____?
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form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the hard bone matrix. Because of this elaborate network of canals, bone cells are well nourished in
spite of the hardness of the matrix, and bone injuries heal quickly.
form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the hard bone matrix. Because of this elaborate network of canals, bone cells are well nourished in spite of the hardness of the matrix, and bone injuries heal quickly.
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Except for flat bones, which form on fibrous membranes, most bones develop using hyaline cartilage structures as their “models.” This process of
bone formation, or ____?
Except for flat bones, which form on fibrous membranes, most bones develop using hyaline cartilage structures as their “models.” This process of bone formation, or ____?
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The ossification involves two major phases, the hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with
bone matrix (a bone “collar”) by bone-building cells called __?
The ossification involves two major phases, the hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix (a bone “collar”) by bone-building cells called __?
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giant bone-destroying cells
in bones, to break down bone matrix and release
calcium ions into the blood.
giant bone-destroying cells in bones, to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood.
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blood calcium ion level is too high
blood calcium ion level is too high
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is essential if bones are to
retain normal proportions and strength during long-bone growth as the body increases in size and weight
is essential if bones are to retain normal proportions and strength during long-bone growth as the body increases in size and weight
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is a disease of children in which the
bones fail to calcify. As a result, the bones soften, and the weight-bearing bones of the legs become bowed
is a disease of children in which the bones fail to calcify. As a result, the bones soften, and the weight-bearing bones of the legs become bowed
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bone-building cells
called ___?
bone-building cells called ___?
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A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is a____?
A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is a____?
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When the broken bone ends
penetrate through the skin, the fracture is____?
When the broken bone ends penetrate through the skin, the fracture is____?
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A fracture is treated by____?, which is the
realignment of the broken bone ends, followed by immobilization
A fracture is treated by____?, which is the realignment of the broken bone ends, followed by immobilization
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In this reduction surgery is performed, and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires. After the broken bone is reduced, it is immobilized by a cast or traction to allow the healing process to begin.
In this reduction surgery is performed, and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires. After the broken bone is reduced, it is immobilized by a cast or traction to allow the healing process to begin.
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The repair of bone fractures in older people involves four major events what are these?
The repair of bone fractures in older people involves four major events what are these?
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is a canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear. It is the route by which sound enters the ear
is a canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear. It is the route by which sound enters the ear
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a sharp, needlelike projection, is just inferior to the external auditory
meatus. Many neck muscles use the styloid process as an attachment point.
a sharp, needlelike projection, is just inferior to the external auditory meatus. Many neck muscles use the styloid process as an attachment point.
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is a thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone (zygomatic bone) anteriorly.
is a thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone (zygomatic bone) anteriorly.
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at the junction of the
occipital and temporal bones , allows passage of the jugular vein
at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones , allows passage of the jugular vein
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The largest vein of the head, which drains blood from the brain.
The largest vein of the head, which drains blood from the brain.
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this bone is the most posterior bone of the cranium. It forms the base and back wall of the skull.
this bone is the most posterior bone of the cranium. It forms the base and back wall of the skull.
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which is full of air cavities, is a rough
projection posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus. It provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck.
which is full of air cavities, is a rough projection posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus. It provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck.
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The mastoid sinuses are so close to the middle ear—a high-risk spot for infections that they may become infected too, a condition called_____?
The mastoid sinuses are so close to the middle ear—a high-risk spot for infections that they may become infected too, a condition called_____?
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In the base of the occipital bone is a large opening called___?. This surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain.
In the base of the occipital bone is a large opening called___?. This surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain.
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Lateral to the foramen magnum on each side are the rockerlike____? which rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column.
Lateral to the foramen magnum on each side are the rockerlike____? which rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column.
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The butterfly-shaped bone spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
The butterfly-shaped bone spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
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In the midline of the sphenoid is a small
depressions called_____?, or
Turk’s saddle, which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland
In the midline of the sphenoid is a small depressions called_____?, or Turk’s saddle, which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland
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a large oval opening in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica, allows fibers of cranial nerve V (the trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible)
a large oval opening in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica, allows fibers of cranial nerve V (the trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible)
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What are the two important opening of the sphenoid bone? In which one allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye and the other in which the cranial nerves controlling eye movements (III,
IV, and VI) pass
What are the two important opening of the sphenoid bone? In which one allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye and the other in which the cranial nerves controlling eye movements (III, IV, and VI) pass
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The central part of the sphenoid bone is riddled with air cavities, the ??
The central part of the sphenoid bone is riddled with air cavities, the ??
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This bone forms the
forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
This bone forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
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The spinal curvatures in the
thoracic and sacral regions are referred to as
The spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions are referred to as
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The curvatures in the cervical and
lumbar regions are referred to as___?
The curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions are referred to as___?
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two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
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single projection arising
from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch
(actually the fused laminae).
single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch (actually the fused laminae).
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arch formed from the joining
of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicles, from the vertebral body
arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicles, from the vertebral body
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disclike, weight-bearing
part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column.
disclike, weight-bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column.
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canal through which the
spinal cord passes.
canal through which the spinal cord passes.
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The individual vertebrae are separated by pads of flexible fibrocartilage called?
The individual vertebrae are separated by pads of flexible fibrocartilage called?
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Drying of the discs, along with a weakening of the
ligaments of the vertebral column, predisposes
older people to
Drying of the discs, along with a weakening of the ligaments of the vertebral column, predisposes older people to
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The structural and functional unit of compact bone
The structural and functional unit of compact bone
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Study Notes
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
- Axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis, consisting of bones along the body's center.
- Appendicular skeleton comprises limbs and girdles, connecting them to the axial skeleton.
- Joints enhance flexibility and facilitate movement throughout the skeletal system.
Functions of Bones
- Provide internal framework support for the body and protect soft organs.
- Legs function as pillars supporting the body trunk during standing.
- Rib cage strengthens the thoracic wall.
- Serve as levers for skeletal muscles, allowing various movements like walking and throwing.
Bone Mineral Storage and Formation
- Bones act as a reservoir for essential minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorus.
- Hematopoiesis is the term for blood cell formation within bones.
- An adult skeleton typically contains 206 bones.
Bone Classification
- Two primary types of bone:
- Compact bone, which is dense and smooth.
- Spongy bone, featuring a porous, open appearance.
- Four basic shapes of bones:
- Long bones - longer than wide, contain a shaft and enlarged ends (e.g., limbs).
- Flat bones - thin and curved (e.g., skull bones).
- Short bones - cube-shaped, primarily spongy bone (e.g., wrist and ankle).
- Irregular bones - irregular shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
Bone Structure
- Diaphysis is the long, tubular shaft of long bones composed of compact bone.
- Periosteum is a fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the diaphysis.
- Epiphyses are the bone ends that contain spongy bone encased by compact bone.
- Articular cartilage is a glassy hyaline cartilage reducing friction at joints.
- Epiphyseal plates facilitate lengthwise growth in growing bones, which become epiphyseal lines after puberty.
- Endosteum is the delicate connective tissue lining the inner bony surface of the shaft.
- Red marrow located in the shaft cavity produces blood cells, transitioning to yellow marrow with age.
Bone Markings
- Bone markings fall into two categories:
- Depressions - indentations in the bone surface.
- Projections - outgrowths from the bone surface.
- Projections terms typically start with 'T' while depressions terms, excluding "facet," begin with 'F.'
Bone Development and Healing
- Bone formation, or ossification, primarily occurs through hyaline cartilage models.
- Osteoblasts build bone matrix, while osteoclasts break down bone, releasing calcium into the bloodstream when levels are high.
- Rickets is a childhood disease where bones soften due to insufficient calcification.
- Clear distinction between closed fractures (bone breaks but not penetrates skin) and open fractures (broken bone ends protrude through skin).
- Bone fractures in older adults undergo a repair process involving inflammation, formation of a hematoma, fibrocartilage callus formation, and bony callus formation.
Skeletal Anatomy Highlights
- External auditory meatus serves as a canal for sound entering the ear.
- Styloid process is a projection for neck muscle attachment.
- Occipital bone forms the posterior skull and contains the foramen magnum for spinal cord connection.
- Sphenoid bone, shaped like a butterfly, features the sella turcica which houses the pituitary gland.
- Vertebral anatomy includes weight-bearing disclike vertebrae and the canal safeguarding the spinal cord.
Vertebral Curvatures
- Thoracic and sacral regions feature primary spinal curvatures.
- Cervical and lumbar regions are characterized by secondary curvatures.
- Vertebrae consist of lateral projections (transverse processes) and a single posterior projection (spinous process).
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