Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Their Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the maturation of ovarian follicles and ovum, as well as triggering ovulation in females?

  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) (correct)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)

    • What is the dysfunction associated with hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hypercalcemia (correct)
  • Myxedema

    • Which of the following hormones is NOT synthesized in the hypothalamus but released from axon terminals in the posterior pituitary?

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Thyroxine (T4) (correct)
  • Oxytocin (OT)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3) (correct)

    • Which hormone, when hyposecreted in adults, can result in myxedema?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of milk into the breast ducts?

    <p>Oxytocin (OT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is considered a tropic hormone, meaning it stimulates the secretion of other hormones?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dysfunction associated with hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

    <p>Lack of sexual development and sterility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and plays a key role in regulating blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) in pre-adult individuals?

    <p>Gigantism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Controlling the secretion of other hormones from the pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis, leading to an increase in blood glucose concentration, as well as exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-immunity, and antiallergy effects?

    <p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following endocrine glands plays a crucial role in promoting the development of immune-system cells?

    <p>Thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with symptoms of muscle weakness, fatigue, and weight loss. Laboratory tests reveal low blood glucose levels and an inability to regulate electrolyte balance. Which of the following endocrine gland dysfunctions is most likely the cause?

    <p>Hyposecretion of aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs correctly matches an endocrine gland with its primary function?

    <p>Pancreatic islets - Regulates blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypersecretion of which hormone can lead to premature sexual development in females, along with masculinization?

    <p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by fat-storing cells and plays a role in regulating hunger and fullness?

    <p>Leptin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the adrenal glands is FALSE?

    <p>The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, a hormone that promotes development and maintenance of typical male sexual characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone, produced by the heart atria, is responsible for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Which of the following endocrine gland dysfunctions is most likely the cause?

    <p>Hyposecretion of insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting conditions necessary for early pregnancy?

    <p>Chorionic gonadotropin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

    Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones; a tropic hormone.

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

    Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones; a tropic hormone.

    Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

    Stimulates ovarian follicles in females; sperm production in males.

    Luteinizing hormone (LH)

    Stimulates ovulation and testosterone production; a tropic hormone.

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    Growth hormone (GH)

    Stimulates growth in all organs; increases blood glucose concentration.

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    Prolactin (PRL)

    Stimulates breast development and milk secretion post-pregnancy.

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    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

    Stimulates water retention by kidneys.

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    Oxytocin (OT)

    Stimulates uterine contractions and milk release.

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    Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

    Stimulate energy metabolism of all cells.

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    Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

    Stimulates bone breakdown; increases blood calcium levels.

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    Aldosterone

    A mineralocorticoid that regulates electrolyte and fluid homeostasis.

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    Cortisol

    A glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose and has anti-inflammatory effects.

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    Androgens

    Hormones that stimulate sexual drive in females and have minimal effects in males.

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    Epinephrine

    A hormone that enhances the body's response to stress.

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    Glucagon

    A hormone that stimulates glycogen breakdown, raising blood glucose levels.

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    Insulin

    A hormone that facilitates glucose entry into cells, lowering blood glucose levels.

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    Estrogens

    Hormones that develop female sexual characteristics and regulate reproductive functions.

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    Testosterone

    The primary male sex hormone, essential for developing male characteristics.

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    Thymosin

    A hormone that aids in the development of immune cells.

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    Melatonin

    A hormone regulating sleep cycles and internal clock.

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    Study Notes

    Anterior Pituitary

    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Tropic hormone; stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Tropic hormone; stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Tropic hormone; Female: stimulates development and secretion of estrogens; Male: stimulates production of seminiferous tubules of testes to stimulate produce sperm
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH): Tropic hormone; Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle and stimulates secretion of estrogen, triggers ovulation; stimulates development of corpus luteum; Male: stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

    Posterior Pituitary

    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
    • Oxytocin (OT): Stimulates uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy; stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts

    Hypothalamus

    • Releasing hormones (RHs): Stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
    • Inhibiting hormones (IHs): Inhibit the anterior pituitary's secretion of hormones

    Thyroid

    • Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3): Stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells
    • Calcitonin (CT): Inhibits the breakdown of bone; decrease blood calcium concentration

    Parathyroid

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Stimulates the breakdown of bone; increase blood calcium concentration

    Dysfunction

    • Anterior Pituitary

      • Hypersecretion: hypersecretion by anterior pituitary
      • Hyposecretion: hyposecretion by anterior pituitary

    • Thyroid

      • Hypersecretion: hyperthyroidism, Graves disease
      • Hyposecretion: hypothyroidism, cretinism (pre-adult); myxedema (adult); goiter

    • Parathyroid

      • Hypersecretion: possible hypocalcemia
      • Hyposecretion: possible hypercalcemia

    • Note: In some cases, signs of hyposecretion result from dysfunction of the target cell rather than from actual hyposecretion of a hormone. Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus but released from axon terminals in the posterior pituitary.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands. This quiz covers the functions and roles of key hormones like TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, ADH, and oxytocin. Enhance your understanding of hormonal processes in human anatomy.

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