Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Infections and Immunity

• An infection is often accompanied by leukocytosis
• Leukocytosis is a condition where the white blood cell count increases
• Spleen removes worn out blood cells from circulation
• Lymphatic vessels and nodes are responsible for removing excess fluids and proteins from the body

Lymphatic System

• Lymph nodes are populated with lymphocytes and macrophages
• Lymphatic capillaries absorb tissue fluid and transport it toward the heart
• Lacteals are located within the intestinal villus and are responsible for fat absorption
• Thymus gland is responsible for the processing and maturation of T lymphocytes

Immunity

• Band T cells are lymphocytes
• Tonsillectomy is the removal of palatine tonsils
• Anaphylaxis is a severe hypersensitivity reaction
• Naturally acquired active immunity is when you have measles as a child
• Antigen is also called an allergen
• Band T cells represent specific immunity
• Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are indicative of infection/inflammation

Cells and Immunity

• Macrophages engulf the pathogen to achieve antigen presentation
• Killer T cells destroy pathogens by punching holes in their cell membranes
• Memory T cells remember if an antigen is presented later in the future
• Infections are most common in people with AIDS
• Immunization is the term used for dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production

Miscellaneous

• Antipyretic is a drug that lowers a fever
• Interferons are a group of proteins secreted by virally infected cells
• Nonspecific immunity is the first line of defense against infection, whereas specific immunity is targeted against specific pathogens

Endocrine System

• T3, T4, and calcitonin are secreted by the thyroid gland
• Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are secreted by the gonad
• Calcium and parathyroid hormone control plasma levels of calcium
• Hyperglycaemia is caused by a deficiency of insulin
• Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland
• Insulin and glucagon are secreted by the pancreas and regulate blood glucose
• Acute adrenal insufficiency is caused by the sudden withdrawal of cortisol
• Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that helps regulate salt and water balance

Digestive System

• Mechanical digestion refers to the chewing of food
• Liver is the organ that detoxifies drugs, stores vitamins, and synthesizes clotting factors
• Enamel, dentin, and cementum are related to teeth
• Emulsification is most associated with bile
• Gingiva refers to the gums
• Liver produces bile
• Obstruction of the common bile duct causes jaundice
• Paralytic ileus is the slowing or stoppage of GI motility
• Absorption is most related to microvilli
• Cellulose is a dietary fiber that cannot be digested by humans
• The fundus, body, and pylorus are part of the stomach
• The duodenum and jejunum are the site of absorption for most end products of digestion
• The lower oesophageal sphincter prevents gastric reflux

Sensory Organs

• Nociceptors detect pain
• Olfaction refers to the sense of smell
• The gustatory sensation is most related to taste buds
• The iris is the colored part of the eye
• The lacrimal gland secretes tears
• An increase in IOP causes damage to the retina and blindness
• A cloudy lens is called a cataract
• The semicircular canals and cochlea are located in the inner ear
• The malleus, incus, and stapes are called ossicles
• The Eustachian tube connects the pharynx and middle ear
• The tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from the middle ear
• Semicircular canals are concerned with balance
• Rods and cones are visual receptors