Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

In adulthood, hemopoiesis primarily occurs in which of the following locations?

Short bones of the appendicular skeleton

Flat bones of the axial skeleton (correct)

Long bones of the hands and feet

The liver and spleen

Which type of white blood cell is present in the least quantity?

Lymphocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils (correct)

How many globin proteins are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4 (correct)

Which blood group combination is inconsistent with standard blood transfusion practices?

AB+ blood could be transfused to B+ Signup and view all the answers

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are known as?

Albumins Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the process of producing formed elements of blood?

Hemopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Typically, how much blood does an adult's body contain?

5 liters Signup and view all the answers

The chemical abilities of hemoglobin in erythrocytes are to attach to which of the following?

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones, such as testosterone, are derived from which of the following?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

How do lipid-soluble hormones, like progesterone, typically exert their effects?

By binding to DNA and initiating transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of cell formation in erythropoiesis?

Myeloid stem cell, Proerythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Mature erythrocyte Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pituitary gland located in relation to the hypothalamus?

Inferior to the hypothalamus, connected by the infundibulum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding epinephrine is correct?

Both A and C are incorrect Signup and view all the answers

During hemopoiesis, what does the lymphoid line primarily form?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about blood types and the surface antigen D is accurate?

A person missing surface antigen D is Rh-negative Signup and view all the answers

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Posterior part of the thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway in blood clotting combines thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?

Extrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone Signup and view all the answers

How are intracellular signaling pathways organized within target cells?

Each step allows for amplification of the signal Signup and view all the answers

If a patient becomes dehydrated, how would the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged blood sample be affected?

It would likely decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about red blood cells (RBCs) is incorrect?

Each RBC can bind to 8 molecules of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

When one hormone enhances the effect of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is described as?

Synergistic Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chambers are responsible for containing deoxygenated blood?

Right atrium and right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical unit used to measure the perfusion of blood?

Milliliters per minute per gram Signup and view all the answers

Which two regions of the hypothalamus are associated with the posterior pituitary?

paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a tropic hormone?

Prolactin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain serves as the 'master control center' of the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the posterior pituitary is incorrect?

It receives blood supply through hypophyseal portal system Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to happen to hormone levels in the blood if the liver is damaged and enzymatic degradation is impaired?

Increase Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid hormone is unique because it is a?

Biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothalamic hormone triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Signup and view all the answers

What factor would lead to a decrease in cardiac output?

An increase in afterload Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about heart valve closure is true?

Shutting of the valves is passive without muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

Right atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

It delays the impulse between atria and ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What cellular structure is responsible for cell-to-cell communication in cardiac muscle fibers?

Intercalated discs Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound is typically the loudest when heard through a stethoscope?

First heart sound (S1) Signup and view all the answers

How is cardiac output mathematically defined?

Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fiber does cardiac muscle possess in relation to its refractory period?

It has an absolute refractory period prior to repolarization Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 1 AP Lecture - Study Notes

Steroid hormones: Are lipids derived from cholesterol.
Lipid-soluble hormones: Exert effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that bind to DNA and initiate transcription.
Pituitary gland location: Located near the hypothalamus and connected by the superior pars nervosa and primary plexus.
Norepinephrine: An amine hormone that is water-soluble. It binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells. Its action involves cAMP.
Parathyroid glands location: Located on the posterior part of the thyroid gland.
Posterior Pituitary hormones: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
Intracellular signaling pathways: Target cells have steps involving one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule. This is precisely controlled and amplifies signals.
Hypothalamic inhibition of hormones: Growth Hormone (GH) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are under hypothalamic inhibition.
Hormone interaction: Synergistic interaction where effects of one hormone reinforce another.
Hypothalamus role: Functions as the 'master control center' of the endocrine system.
Tropic hormones: Follicle-stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone.
Carrier proteins: Lipid-soluble hormones require carrier proteins in the blood.
Thyroid hormone: A unique hormone; it is a steroid hormone that is water soluble.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Released due to stimulation from corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
Hormone control types: Parafollicular cells (calcitonin) are under humoral control; Pancreatic B-cells (insulin) and Zona fasciculata (cortisol) are under hormonal control.
Liver damage and hormones: Liver damage may impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones, causing them to remain at increased levels in the blood.
Blood volume and dehydration: Dehydration leads to a decrease in plasma volume.
WBC count: Basophils have the fewest count among white blood cells (WBC).
Globins in hemoglobin: Hemoglobin has 4 globins.
Leukocytes: The largest and smallest have prominent nuclei, while some lack nuclei.
Transfusion practices: O- blood can be transfused to any blood type, while AB+ can receive any blood type. O+ can receive O+ and O- but not A+ or B+.
Megakaryocytes: Extensions called proplatelets are created from these cells.
Blood plasma components: Sodium, calcium and bicarbonate are all electrolytes.
Plasma proteins: Albumins are the smallest and most numerous plasma proteins.
Hematopoiesis: The process of producing blood formed elements.
Centrifuged blood sample: Layer 2 shows plasma and layer 3 erythrocytes.
Blood volume in adults: Typically 5 liters.
Hemoglobin function: Hemoglobin can attach chemically to both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Erythropoiesis stages: Normoblasts, reticulocytes, mature erythrocytes are stages of this process.
Lymphocytes: These are produced by the lymphoid line during hemopoiesis.
Blood type Rh factor: Missing the surface antigen D makes the blood type Rh-negative.
Blood clotting pathways: Combining thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium initiates a pathway.
Positive feedback mechanism and blood clotting: Blood clotting is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism.
Cardiac output units: Measured in milliliters per minute per kilogram.
Blood flow before atrial contraction: Blood continues to flow into atria via vena cavae and pulmonary veins prior to atrial contraction.
Stroke volume and cardiac output: Increasing stroke volume increases cardiac output.
Deoxygenated blood chambers: The right atrium and right ventricle contain deoxygenated blood.
Cardiac muscle metabolism: Cardiac muscle is somewhat susceptible to heart attack because it has a moderately high capacity for aerobic metabolism.
Factors decreasing cardiac output: Decreased venous return, increased afterload will decrease output.
Cardiac muscle function: Cardiac muscle can use a variety of fuel sources.
Atrioventricular (AV) node location: It is in the floor of the right atrium.
Heart valve function: The heart valves permit the passage of blood in one direction, stabilize vessels, and direct the conduction impulse through the heart.
Heart sounds: Heart sounds S1 and S2 are described as loudest.
Pericardial fluid function: Eliminates blood pressure spikes, equalizes in pressure, and lubricates membrane surrounding the heart.
Pectinate muscles location: Found on the internal walls of atria.
T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum: These parts interact in cardiac muscle contraction.
Half moon shaped cusps: Each semilunar valve has 3 cusps.
Cardiac output: Calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to human anatomy and physiology, including hemopoiesis, blood components, and hormone functions. This quiz covers various topics to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike!