Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

In adulthood, hemopoiesis primarily occurs in which of the following locations?

  • Short bones of the appendicular skeleton
  • Flat bones of the axial skeleton (correct)
  • Long bones of the hands and feet
  • The liver and spleen

Which type of white blood cell is present in the least quantity?

  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils (correct)

How many globin proteins are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

  • 4 (correct)
  • 8
  • 6
  • 2

Which blood group combination is inconsistent with standard blood transfusion practices?

<p>AB+ blood could be transfused to B+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are known as?

<p>Albumins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the process of producing formed elements of blood?

<p>Hemopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typically, how much blood does an adult's body contain?

<p>5 liters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical abilities of hemoglobin in erythrocytes are to attach to which of the following?

<p>Both oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones, such as testosterone, are derived from which of the following?

<p>Cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lipid-soluble hormones, like progesterone, typically exert their effects?

<p>By binding to DNA and initiating transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of cell formation in erythropoiesis?

<p>Myeloid stem cell, Proerythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Mature erythrocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pituitary gland located in relation to the hypothalamus?

<p>Inferior to the hypothalamus, connected by the infundibulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding epinephrine is correct?

<p>Both A and C are incorrect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During hemopoiesis, what does the lymphoid line primarily form?

<p>Lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about blood types and the surface antigen D is accurate?

<p>A person missing surface antigen D is Rh-negative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

<p>Posterior part of the thyroid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway in blood clotting combines thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?

<p>Extrinsic pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

<p>Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are intracellular signaling pathways organized within target cells?

<p>Each step allows for amplification of the signal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient becomes dehydrated, how would the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged blood sample be affected?

<p>It would likely decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about red blood cells (RBCs) is incorrect?

<p>Each RBC can bind to 8 molecules of oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When one hormone enhances the effect of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is described as?

<p>Synergistic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chambers are responsible for containing deoxygenated blood?

<p>Right atrium and right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical unit used to measure the perfusion of blood?

<p>Milliliters per minute per gram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two regions of the hypothalamus are associated with the posterior pituitary?

<p>paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a tropic hormone?

<p>Prolactin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

<p>Lipid-soluble hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain serves as the 'master control center' of the endocrine system?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the posterior pituitary is incorrect?

<p>It receives blood supply through hypophyseal portal system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to happen to hormone levels in the blood if the liver is damaged and enzymatic degradation is impaired?

<p>Increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid hormone is unique because it is a?

<p>Biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothalamic hormone triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

<p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor would lead to a decrease in cardiac output?

<p>An increase in afterload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about heart valve closure is true?

<p>Shutting of the valves is passive without muscle contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

<p>Right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

<p>It delays the impulse between atria and ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular structure is responsible for cell-to-cell communication in cardiac muscle fibers?

<p>Intercalated discs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound is typically the loudest when heard through a stethoscope?

<p>First heart sound (S1) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cardiac output mathematically defined?

<p>Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fiber does cardiac muscle possess in relation to its refractory period?

<p>It has an absolute refractory period prior to repolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. Steroids are lipids, meaning they are nonpolar and fat-soluble.

How do lipid-soluble hormones like progesterone exert their effects?

Lipid-soluble hormones like progesterone can directly enter the cell. They bind to receptors inside the nucleus, influencing gene expression.

Where is the pituitary gland located relative to the hypothalamus?

The pituitary gland is located inferior to the hypothalamus and connected to it by the infundibulum. The infundibulum is a stalk-like structure.

How does norepinephrine work?

Norepinephrine is a water-soluble amine hormone. It binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells. This binding activates a signaling cascade.

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Where are the parathyroid glands located?

The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, typically in four small clusters.

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What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

The posterior pituitary gland releases two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Oxytocin plays a role in childbirth and social bonding, while ADH regulates water balance.

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How do intracellular signaling pathways work?

Intracellular signaling pathways involve a cascade of events where one molecule activates multiple others, amplifying the signal. This allows for precise control and regulation.

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What is the term for when two hormones enhance each other's effects?

When the effects of one hormone increase the response of another hormone on the same target cell, this is called synergism.

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Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?

Hematopoiesis, the process of producing blood cells, primarily occurs in flat bones of the axial skeleton in adults. This includes the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and iliac crest.

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What does blood regulate?

Blood plays a key role in regulating the pH and temperature of the body, maintaining internal balance.

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Which WBC is the least abundant?

Basophils are the least abundant type of white blood cell in the body.

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How many globin chains in a hemoglobin molecule?

A single hemoglobin molecule contains four globin protein chains.

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What's distinct about leukocytes?

Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are the largest of the formed elements and have prominent nuclei.

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Can O- blood be transfused to B-?

Blood transfusion practices dictate that O-negative blood can be transfused to B-negative individuals as it lacks both A and B antigens and the Rh factor.

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What are the extensions from megakaryocytes called?

Proplatelets are extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow. They are sliced off by blood flow and become platelets.

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What are sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate?

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all electrolytes found in plasma. Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluids.

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What two nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary?

The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are regions within the hypothalamus responsible for producing and releasing hormones associated with the posterior pituitary.

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Which hormone is NOT a tropic hormone?

Tropic hormones are hormones that regulate the secretion of other hormones. Prolactin is not a tropic hormone as it directly stimulates milk production in the mammary glands, not the secretion of other hormones.

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Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormones are fat-soluble and therefore can easily pass through cell membranes. They require carrier proteins in the bloodstream to transport them to their target tissue.

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What part of the brain functions as the "master control center" of the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus acts as the "master control center" of the endocrine system, controlling the activity of the pituitary gland which, in turn, regulates many other endocrine glands.

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Which statement is incorrect about the posterior pituitary?

The posterior pituitary is nervous in origin and stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus. It receives blood supply through the hypophyseal portal system, but its hormones are not synthesized by it.

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What happens to hormone levels in the blood if the liver is damaged?

The liver is responsible for breaking down and eliminating hormones from the bloodstream. Damage to the liver would hinder this process, leading to an accumulation of hormones in the blood.

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What makes Thyroid hormone unique?

Thyroid hormone is a unique hormone that is a biogenic amine, meaning it is derived from an amino acid, but it is lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes.

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Which hypothalamic hormone triggers the release of ACTH?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), produced by the hypothalamus, stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. ACTH then acts on the adrenal glands to stimulate the production and release of cortisol.

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What is the correct order of cell formation in erythropoiesis?

The order of cell formation in erythropoiesis is as follows: 1. Myeloid stem cell 2. Proerythroblast 3. Erythroblast 4. Normoblast 5. Reticulocyte 6. Mature erythrocyte.

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Does the lymphoid line only form lymphocytes during hemopoiesis?

During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for immune responses. It does not form other blood cells.

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What is the blood type of a person missing the surface antigen D?

A person missing the surface antigen D is Rh-negative. Rh-positive individuals possess the D antigen on their red blood cells.

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Which clotting pathway involves thromboplastin, factor VII, and calcium?

The extrinsic pathway involves the combination of thromboplastin (factor III), factor VII, and calcium. This pathway is triggered by tissue damage and is the faster route to clot formation.

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How would dehydration affect the percentage of plasma in a blood sample?

When a patient is dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in their blood would likely decrease. This is because dehydration reduces the volume of plasma, while the number of blood cells remains relatively constant.

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Which statement about RBCs is incorrect?

The statement that each Hb molecule can bind to 8 molecules of Oxygen is incorrect. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to 4 oxygen molecules.

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Is blood clotting regulated by positive feedback?

The blood clotting mechanism is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism. This means that the initial formation of a clot triggers further clotting, accelerating the process.

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What are the typical units for blood perfusion?

The units for perfusion of blood are typically milliliters per minute per gram. This represents the amount of blood flowing through a specific tissue per unit of time and mass.

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What affects cardiac output?

The heart's ability to pump blood is directly affected by the force it needs to overcome to eject blood into the aorta. Increased afterload means the heart must work harder, reducing its output.

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What is the function of heart valves?

Heart valves are essential for unidirectional blood flow. They open to allow blood to pass through and then close to prevent backflow.

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Where is the fossa ovalis located?

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale, a hole in the atrial septum that allowed blood to bypass the fetal lungs.

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Where is the AV node located?

The AV node is a small, specialized group of cells that conducts electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles. This ensures coordinated contraction.

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What fuel sources can cardiac muscle use?

Cardiac muscle cells are incredibly versatile, able to utilize a variety of energy sources, including carbohydrates, fats, and even lactate, for efficient energy production.

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What does the P wave on an EKG represent?

The P wave on an EKG represents the electrical activity associated with atrial depolarization, the process of electrical signal spreading through the atria.

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What are the cell-to-cell contacts in cardiac muscle called?

Intercalated discs are specialized cell junctions found only in cardiac muscle. They allow for coordinated contraction by transmitting electrical signals and providing structural integrity.

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What causes closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

When the right ventricle contracts, it increases pressure within the ventricle, forcing the right AV valve to close, preventing backflow into the right atrium.

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Study Notes

Exam 1 AP Lecture - Study Notes

  • Steroid hormones: Are lipids derived from cholesterol.
  • Lipid-soluble hormones: Exert effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that bind to DNA and initiate transcription.
  • Pituitary gland location: Located near the hypothalamus and connected by the superior pars nervosa and primary plexus.
  • Norepinephrine: An amine hormone that is water-soluble. It binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells. Its action involves cAMP.
  • Parathyroid glands location: Located on the posterior part of the thyroid gland.
  • Posterior Pituitary hormones: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
  • Intracellular signaling pathways: Target cells have steps involving one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule. This is precisely controlled and amplifies signals.
  • Hypothalamic inhibition of hormones: Growth Hormone (GH) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are under hypothalamic inhibition.
  • Hormone interaction: Synergistic interaction where effects of one hormone reinforce another.
  • Hypothalamus role: Functions as the 'master control center' of the endocrine system.
  • Tropic hormones: Follicle-stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone.
  • Carrier proteins: Lipid-soluble hormones require carrier proteins in the blood.
  • Thyroid hormone: A unique hormone; it is a steroid hormone that is water soluble.
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Released due to stimulation from corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
  • Hormone control types: Parafollicular cells (calcitonin) are under humoral control; Pancreatic B-cells (insulin) and Zona fasciculata (cortisol) are under hormonal control.
  • Liver damage and hormones: Liver damage may impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones, causing them to remain at increased levels in the blood.
  • Blood volume and dehydration: Dehydration leads to a decrease in plasma volume.
  • WBC count: Basophils have the fewest count among white blood cells (WBC).
  • Globins in hemoglobin: Hemoglobin has 4 globins.
  • Leukocytes: The largest and smallest have prominent nuclei, while some lack nuclei.
  • Transfusion practices: O- blood can be transfused to any blood type, while AB+ can receive any blood type. O+ can receive O+ and O- but not A+ or B+.
  • Megakaryocytes: Extensions called proplatelets are created from these cells.
  • Blood plasma components: Sodium, calcium and bicarbonate are all electrolytes.
  • Plasma proteins: Albumins are the smallest and most numerous plasma proteins.
  • Hematopoiesis: The process of producing blood formed elements.
  • Centrifuged blood sample: Layer 2 shows plasma and layer 3 erythrocytes.
  • Blood volume in adults: Typically 5 liters.
  • Hemoglobin function: Hemoglobin can attach chemically to both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Erythropoiesis stages: Normoblasts, reticulocytes, mature erythrocytes are stages of this process.
  • Lymphocytes: These are produced by the lymphoid line during hemopoiesis.
  • Blood type Rh factor: Missing the surface antigen D makes the blood type Rh-negative.
  • Blood clotting pathways: Combining thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium initiates a pathway.
  • Positive feedback mechanism and blood clotting: Blood clotting is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism.
  • Cardiac output units: Measured in milliliters per minute per kilogram.
  • Blood flow before atrial contraction: Blood continues to flow into atria via vena cavae and pulmonary veins prior to atrial contraction.
  • Stroke volume and cardiac output: Increasing stroke volume increases cardiac output.
  • Deoxygenated blood chambers: The right atrium and right ventricle contain deoxygenated blood.
  • Cardiac muscle metabolism: Cardiac muscle is somewhat susceptible to heart attack because it has a moderately high capacity for aerobic metabolism.
  • Factors decreasing cardiac output: Decreased venous return, increased afterload will decrease output.
  • Cardiac muscle function: Cardiac muscle can use a variety of fuel sources.
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node location: It is in the floor of the right atrium.
  • Heart valve function: The heart valves permit the passage of blood in one direction, stabilize vessels, and direct the conduction impulse through the heart.
  • Heart sounds: Heart sounds S1 and S2 are described as loudest.
  • Pericardial fluid function: Eliminates blood pressure spikes, equalizes in pressure, and lubricates membrane surrounding the heart.
  • Pectinate muscles location: Found on the internal walls of atria.
  • T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum: These parts interact in cardiac muscle contraction.
  • Half moon shaped cusps: Each semilunar valve has 3 cusps.
  • Cardiac output: Calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

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AP 2 Exam 1 Questions Study PDF

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Test your knowledge on key concepts related to human anatomy and physiology, including hemopoiesis, blood components, and hormone functions. This quiz covers various topics to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike!

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