Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

It is a muscular tube about 25 cm long that begins in the neck as a continuation of the pharynx. (-------------)

Esophagus

Which structure lies in the upper part of the abdominal cavity behind the left lobe of the liver?

  • Stomach (correct)
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Duodenum

The pancreas consists of three lobes and weighs approximately 625 grams.

False (B)

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

<p>To produce digestive enzymes and regulate blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Pancreas = Soft lobulated gland lying transversely in the abdomen. Trachea = Ten cm patent tube consisting of cartilages. Appendix = Lower blind end connected to the ascending colon. Diaphragm = Dome-shaped structure separating abdominal and thoracic cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

It connects bone to bone. (-------------)

<p>Ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures originates from the middle germ layer?

<p>Mesoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system contains the cardiac and pyloric parts?

<p>Stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ileum is part of the large intestine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ureters?

<p>Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right lung has __ lobes.

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the digestive system with their functions:

<p>Gall bladder = Stores and concentrates bile Pancreas = Secretes enzymes for digestion Small intestine = Absorbs nutrients Large intestine = Absorbs water and forms feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the pancreas?

<p>Adrenalin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organ that filters waste products from the blood is the liver.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gall bladder?

<p>Stores and concentrates bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __ is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

<p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the stomach to the duodenum?

<p>Pyloric sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

<p>Synovial joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bones of the upper limbs are classified as axial skeleton.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of bone formation called?

<p>Ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition in which bones become weak and brittle is called __________.

<p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the condition with its description:

<p>Osteoarthritis = Inflammation of joints Rickets = Bone weakness in children due to vitamin D deficiency Gout = Buildup of uric acid crystals in joints Osteoporosis = Weak bones in older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and striated?

<p>Cardiac muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hard, outer layer of bone is called spongy bone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?

<p>Osteoclast</p> Signup and view all the answers

The flexible tissue that connects bones at joints is called __________.

<p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is classified as an irregular bone?

<p>Vertebrae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

<p>Gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left lung is shorter and wider than the right lung.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the urinary bladder?

<p>To act as a reservoir for urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a muscular tube about 15 cm long that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

<p>ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their characteristics:

<p>Larynx = Consists of 9 cartilages Trachea = Carries air to the lungs Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Bronchi = Branches from the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

<p>Right atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smallest blood vessels in the body are called capillaries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

<p>The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is responsible for automatic functions like heartbeats?

<p>Cardiac muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for expiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle allows you to extend your arm at the elbow?

<p>Triceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle responsible for flexing the trunk forward is the ______.

<p>Rectus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the muscle with its action:

<p>Biceps brachii = Flexes arm Quadriceps femoris = Extends knee Gastrocnemius = Plantarflexes foot Deltoid = Abducts arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is the primary muscle of inspiration?

<p>Diaphragm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right lung has more segments than the left lung.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle allows you to shrug your shoulders?

<p>Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle that allows you to rotate your shoulder laterally is the ______.

<p>Infraspinatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle allows you to close your jaw?

<p>Masseter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the right lung?

<p>625 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas has both ______ and ______ functions.

<p>endocrine, exocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the muscle with its associated action:

<p>Flexor carpi radialis = Flexes wrist Extensor carpi radialis = Extends wrist Flexor digitorum superficialis = Flexes fingers Extensor digitorum = Extends fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition of low oxygen levels in the blood is called:

<p>Hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the urinary system is to digest food.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

<p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder is called the ______.

<p>Ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone that regulates water balance in the body is:

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its description:

<p>Digestion = Breaking down food into nutrients Excretion = Eliminating waste products Absorption = Uptaking nutrients into the bloodstream Filtration = Removing waste from blood in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

The small intestine is divided into three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and:

<p>Ileum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the liver is to absorb nutrients.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for painful urination?

<p>Dysuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest organ in the human body is the ______.

<p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The type of joint that allows for the greatest range of motion is the:

<p>Synovial joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the skeletal system is to transport blood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of moving food through the digestive tract?

<p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organ system with its primary function:

<p>Nervous System = Communication and control Respiratory System = Exchange gases Digestive System = Break down food into nutrients Circulatory System = Transport blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

The acidic environment of the stomach helps to:

<p>Kill bacteria (A), Activate enzymes (B), Break down food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a condyle?

The rounded end of a bone that fits snugly into another bone, forming a joint.

What is a ligament?

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

What are tissues derived from?

Tissues that originate from any of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

What are muscle fibers attached to?

The fibers of a muscle that are attached to one side of a tendon.

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What is a multipennate muscle?

A type of muscle where the fibers are attached to two planes that intersect, allowing for complex movements.

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What is the diaphragm?

A dome-shaped structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity.

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What is the esophagus?

It is a muscular tube that is 25 cm long and begins in the neck as a continuation of the pharynx.

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Where is the stomach located?

The stomach is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity behind the left lobe of the liver and anterior wall of the abdomen.

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Where is the liver located?

The liver is a large, reddish-brown organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm.

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What is the gallbladder's function?

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped sac located beneath the liver. It stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

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What are the functions of the pancreas?

The pancreas is a gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions. It produces enzymes for digestion and hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.

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Describe the duodenum.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, shaped like a 'C,' and about 25 cm long. It's where bile and pancreatic juices enter to aid digestion.

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What is the jejunum's role?

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, about 2.5 meters long. It's where most nutrient absorption takes place.

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What is the function of the ileum?

The ileum is the last section of the small intestine, about 3.6 meters long, connecting to the large intestine. It absorbs remaining nutrients and water.

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What are the parts of the large intestine?

The large intestine is about 1.5 meters long and composed of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), and rectum. It absorbs water and forms feces.

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What is the caecum?

The caecum is a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine, where the small intestine joins. The vermiform appendix is attached to it.

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What is the trachea's function?

The trachea is the windpipe, a tube that carries air from the larynx down to the lungs. It's supported by C-shaped cartilage rings.

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What is the larynx?

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is located at the top of the trachea. It contains vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound.

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What is the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It provides support and protection for vital organs.

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What is the appendicular skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton consists of the arms and legs, as well as the pelvic and shoulder girdles. It allows for movement and manipulation of the environment.

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What is ossification?

Ossification is the process of bone formation. It involves the replacement of cartilage by bone tissue.

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What are osteoblasts?

Osteoblasts are bone-building cells. They secrete the matrix of bone tissue.

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What are osteoclasts?

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells. They break down bone tissue and release minerals.

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What is compact bone?

Compact bone is the hard, outer layer of bone. It provides strength and support.

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What is spongy bone?

Spongy bone is the softer, inner layer of bone. It is lighter than compact bone and contains bone marrow.

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What is cartilage?

Cartilage is a flexible tissue that connects bones at joints. It reduces friction and absorbs shock.

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What is a tendon?

A tendon is a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. It transmits forces from muscle to bone to produce movement.

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What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become weak and brittle. This is due to a decrease in bone density.

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Hypoxia

The condition of low oxygen levels in the blood.

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What is the urinary system's main function?

The primary function of the urinary system is to remove waste products from the blood.

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Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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Filtration (in the kidney)

The process of filtering blood to remove waste products, like a sieve.

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Ureter

The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

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Bladder

The muscular sac that stores urine until it's ready to be released.

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Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The hormone that regulates water balance in the body, controlling how much water we retain.

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Polyuria

The condition of excessive urine production.

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Dysuria

The condition of painful urination.

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Oliguria

The condition of scanty urine production.

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Digestion

The process of breaking down food into simpler substances that your body can absorb.

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Ingestion

The first step in the digestive process, when you take food into your mouth.

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Amylase

The enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in your mouth, making them easier to digest.

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Esophagus

The muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, carrying food down.

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What is skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary movement.

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What is smooth muscle?

Smooth muscle lines the walls of internal organs and is involuntary.

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What is cardiac muscle?

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is responsible for involuntary heart contractions.

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What are the origin and insertion of a muscle?

The origin of a muscle is the point of attachment to a more stationary bone, while the insertion is the point of attachment to a more movable bone.

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What is an isometric contraction?

An isometric contraction occurs when muscle tension increases but the muscle does not shorten, resulting in no movement.

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What is the main muscle of inspiration?

The diaphragm is the main inspiration muscle, contracting to pull air into the lungs.

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What is the main muscle of expiration?

The abdominal muscles are the primary muscles of expiration, contracting to push air out of the lungs.

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What muscle raises your eyebrows?

The frontalis muscle raises your eyebrows, allowing you to make a surprised expression.

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What muscle closes your jaw?

The masseter muscle closes your jaw by pulling it upwards.

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What is the largest muscle in the human body?

The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the human body, responsible for hip extension and external rotation.

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What muscle flexes your arm at the elbow?

The biceps brachii muscle flexes the arm at the elbow.

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What muscle extends your arm at the elbow?

The triceps brachii muscle extends the arm at the elbow.

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What muscle allows you to shrug your shoulders?

The trapezius muscle elevates, depresses, and retracts the scapula, allowing you to shrug your shoulders.

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What muscles plantarflex the foot?

The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles plantarflex the foot, pointing your toes downwards.

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What muscle dorsiflexes the foot?

The tibialis anterior muscle dorsiflexes the foot, lifting the toes upwards.

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Is the left lung shorter and wider than the right lung?

The left lung is shorter and wider than the right lung. This is because of the heart's position on the left side of the chest.

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Is the pleura single-layered?

The pleura is a double-layered membrane. The outer layer, the parietal pleura, lines the chest wall, and the inner layer, the visceral pleura, covers the lungs.

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Does the trachea divide into three bronchi?

The trachea (windpipe) ends in the thorax by dividing into two bronchi, one for each lung.

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Do the kidneys extend from the last rib to the 13th vertebra?

The kidneys extend from the 12th thoracic vertebra to the 3rd lumbar vertebra.

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Is the ureter 15 cm long?

The ureter is a muscular tube about 25-30 cm long, responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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Is the female urethra longer than the male urethra?

The male urethra is longer than the female urethra because it passes through the prostate gland and penis.

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Is the pharynx made of nine cartilages?

The larynx (voice box) is made of nine cartilages.

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Is the trachea made up of D-shaped cartilage?

The trachea is made up of 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings, which keep the trachea open for airflow.

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Study Notes

Anatomical Structures and Functions

  • Bone End (Condyle): A rounded end of a bone, fitting snugly within another bone.
  • Ligament: Connects bone to bone.
  • Germ Layer Origin: Tissues originate from one of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
  • Tendon Attachment: The fibers attached to one side of a tendon.
  • Muscle Fibres (Two Planes): Muscle fibers are attached to two planes that cross each other.
  • Diaphragm: Dome-shaped structure separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
  • Esophagus: Muscular tube (25 cm) extending from the neck (pharynx continuation)
  • Stomach Location: Located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity behind the left lobe of the liver.
  • Pancreas: Soft, lobulated gland (12-15 cm) located transversely on the posterior abdominal wall.
  • Small Intestine: Composed of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • Male Urethra: Consists of prostatic, membranous, and penile urethra.
  • Larynx: Tube with 9 cartilages (3 single, 3 paired) connected by membranes/ligaments and manipulated by muscles.
  • Right Lung: Short, wide, weighs approximately 625 grams, and has three lobes.
  • Kidney Shape: Bean-shaped.
  • Ureter: Muscular tube (25 cm) carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder.
  • Trachea: Ten cm long, patent tube carrying air from the larynx to the lungs; comprises 16-20 C-shaped cartilages.
  • Cecum: Located in the lower right part of the abdominal cavity, has a lower blind end, and connects to the ascending colon.
  • Gallbladder: Pear-shaped sac located in a fossa on the lower surface of the right liver lobe.
  • Mesoderm Origin: Developed from the middle germ layer (mesoderm).
  • Intra-organs/Body: Inside the organ or the body cavity.

Digestive System

  • Muscular Tube (25 cm): The esophagus.
  • Stomach Location: Upper abdominal cavity, behind the left lobe of the liver.
  • Pancreas Function: Secretes enzymes for digestion and hormones for blood sugar regulation.
  • C-shaped, 25 cm Part: The duodenum.
  • Large Intestine Structure: Taenia coli, appendices epiploicae, sacculations, and thick-walled.
  • Small Intestine Parts: Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • Stomach Parts: Cardiac and pyloric parts.
  • Liver Location: Upper right part of the abdominal cavity, below the diaphragm.
  • Bile Duct Formation: Right and left hepatic ducts combine.
  • Large Intestine Parts (Not): Ileum.
  • Gallbladder Function: Stores and concentrates bile.
  • Large Intestine Connection (To Ileum): Cecum.
  • Bile Duct Opening: Duodenum.
  • Small Intestine Absorption: Absorbs much of the ingested nutrients.
  • Large Intestine Absorption: Absorbs water and electrolytes.
  • Liver Function (Bile): Aids in fat digestion.
  • Pancreas Enzymes: Digests carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
  • Insulin Source: Pancreas.
  • Food Passage (Stomach-Duodenum): Pyloric sphincter.
  • First Step in Digestion: Ingestion.
  • Enzyme for Carbohydrate Digestion: Amylase.
  • Esophagus Function Passage: Connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Respiratory System

  • Trachea Cartilages: 16-20 C-shaped.
  • Trachea Function: Transports air to the lungs.
  • Larynx Cartilages: 9 in total.
  • Larynx Function: Air passage, voice production.
  • Lung Weight (Right): Approximately 625 g.
  • Lung Weight (Left): Approximately 565 g.
  • Lung Lobes (Right): 3.
  • Lung Lobes (Left): 2.
  • Lung Function: Gas exchange.
  • Respiration Process In: Inspiration.
  • Respiration Process Out: Expiration.
  • Breathing: Ventilation.

Urinary System

  • Kidney Location: Upper part of the posterior abdominal wall.
  • Kidney Shape: Bean-shaped.
  • Ureter Function: Transmits urine from kidneys to bladder.
  • Ureter Length: Not precisely 15 cm.
  • Urethra Parts: Prostatic, membranous, and penile.
  • Urinary System Function: Remove waste, blood pressure regulation.

Other Systems

  • Digestive Accessory Organs: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
  • Endocrine System Function: Hormone production.
  • Circulatory System Function: Transportation of blood.
  • Skeletal System Function: Support, protection, blood cell production.
  • Nervous System Function: Communication and control.
  • Lymphatic System Function: Fighting infection.
  • Skin Function Largest organ.

Bone and Joints

  • Bone Joining (Condyle): Condyles/epiphyses.

Muscle Functions

  • Inspiration Muscle: Diaphragm.
  • Expiration Muscle: Abdominal muscles.
  • Jaw Closure Muscle: Masseter.
  • Biceps Brachii Function: Arm flexion.
  • Triceps Brachii Function: Arm extension.
  • Shoulder Shrug Muscle: Trapezius.
  • Leg Abduction Muscle: Gluteus medius.
  • Leg Adduction Muscle: Adductor longus.
  • Knee Flexion Muscle: Hamstrings.
  • Knee Extension Muscle: Quadriceps femoris.

Anatomical Terminology

  • Origin: Muscle attachment to stationary bone.
  • Insertion: Muscle attachment to moving bone.
  • Tendon: Connects muscle to bone.

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Test your knowledge on human anatomy and physiology in this comprehensive quiz. Topics include the digestive system, pancreas functions, and organ descriptions. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.

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