Human Anatomy and Physiology: Male and Female
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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with cystocele?

  • Dysuria
  • Constipation (correct)
  • Pelvic pressure
  • Urinary frequency

    • What is a common risk factor for cervical cancer?

  • Living in a rural area
  • Obesity (correct)
  • Family history of heart disease
  • A history of kidney disease

    • In the context of uterine cancer, which treatment option is typically employed?

  • Targeted gene therapy
  • Conservative management
  • Surgical removal of uterus and ovaries (correct)
  • Hormone replacement therapy

    • Which treatment is commonly indicated for a rectocele?

    <p>Kegel exercises or surgical repair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of most cases of cervical cancer?

    <p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is classified as an internal component of the female reproductive system?

    <p>Uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

    <p>Nausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is specifically used for screening cervical cancer in females?

    <p>Pap smear of cervix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does menopause typically occur?

    <p>40 to 50 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive structure is responsible for transporting sperm from the testes to the urethra?

    <p>Vas deferens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a female hormone?

    <p>Testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment recommendation is generally advised for managing symptoms of PMS?

    <p>Avoid chocolate and alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of male reproductive disorder includes frequent urination and discomfort during urination?

    <p>Prostatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom specifically associated with endometriosis?

    <p>Dysmenorrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inflammation of some or all pelvic reproductive organs?

    <p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication associated with endometriosis?

    <p>Infertility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is commonly used for vaginitis?

    <p>Abstinence from sexual intercourse until healed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of abnormal growth is a fibroid tumor most commonly associated with?

    <p>Smooth uterine muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method used to diagnose vaginitis?

    <p>Testing vaginal fluid pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause night sweats and decreased libido?

    <p>Menopause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are common causes of vaginitis?

    <p>Bacteria and yeast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are considered risk factors for breast cancer?

    <p>Age over 40 and family history of breast cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of mastitis?

    <p>Fatigue and dizziness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is appropriate for hyperemesis gravidarum?

    <p>IV fluids and withholding oral foods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cryptorchidism?

    <p>Premature birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding treatment of prostate-related conditions is accurate?

    <p>Treatment for prostatic carcinoma depends on the degree of metastasis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is most common in young males aged 20 to 35?

    <p>Testicular tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with placenta previa?

    <p>Painless bright red vaginal bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for genital herpes?

    <p>Antiviral medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of dyspareunia?

    <p>Pain during sexual intercourse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically follows a first-stage syphilis chancre?

    <p>Secondary rash and systemic symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'infertility' encompasses which of the following?

    <p>The inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may lead to abruptio placentae?

    <p>Preeclampsia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of excessive vomiting during pregnancy?

    <p>Severe dehydration and weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Female External Structures

    Visible parts of the female reproductive system, including vulva, labia, clitoris, vestibule, and vaginal opening.

    Female Internal Structures

    Hidden parts of the female reproductive system including ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.

    Female Reproductive Hormones

    Estrogen and progesterone are important for regulating the menstrual cycle and other female reproductive functions.

    PMS Symptoms

    Premenstrual syndrome symptoms include: headache, nausea, pelvic pain, bloating, breast tenderness, mood swings, and irritability.

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    Menstrual Abnormalities

    Conditions involving irregular or unusual menstruation, like amenorrhea (lack of period), dysmenorrhea (painful periods), menorrhagia (heavy bleeding), or metrorrhagia (spotting between periods).

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    Menopause

    Natural cessation of menstruation, typically occurring between ages 40 and 50, marking the end of a woman's reproductive years. This isn't a disease but a natural stage of life.

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    Male External Structures

    Visible parts of the male reproductive system, including the scrotum and penis.

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    Male Internal Structures

    Hidden parts of the male reproductive system including testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and glands (seminal vesicles, bulbourethral, prostate).

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    Menopause Symptoms

    Hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and sometimes depression, sleep issues, and low libido.

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    Vaginitis Cause

    Vaginitis is caused by bacteria or yeast infections.

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    Endometriosis Symptoms

    Painful periods (dysmenorrhea), pelvic cramping, heavy bleeding, painful sex (dyspareunia), and potential infertility.

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    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

    Infection of pelvic organs, often caused by STDs, that causes fever, pain, and discharge.

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    Ovarian Cyst Symptoms

    Possible low back pain, pelvic pain, painful sex, and nausea/vomiting.

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    Fibroid Tumor Symptoms

    Abnormal uterine bleeding (heavy periods), and pain.

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    Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

    Severe illness, primarily in menstruating females using tampons.

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    Vaginitis Treatment

    Treatment depends on the cause (bacteria, yeast) and may include medication and abstaining from intercourse until healed.

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    Staphylococcus aureus infection

    A bacterial infection causing sudden high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and low blood pressure.

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    Uterine Prolapse

    Uterus drops down into the vagina.

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    Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

    Common symptoms include pressure on the bladder, abdominal pain, and general unwell feeling.

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    Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

    Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, smoking, and HPV infection.

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    Fibrocystic breast disorder

    Common breast condition affecting premenopausal women, mostly between ages 30 and 55

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    What causes fibrocystic breast disease?

    Cysts in the breast are linked to fluctuating estrogen levels.

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    How can breast pain be reduced during fibrocystic breast disease?

    Decreasing caffeine and salt intake, using mild diuretics, and taking mild analgesics before menstruation can help reduce breast pain.

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    Mastitis

    Inflammation of breast tissue, often caused by a bacterial infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes bloody nipple discharge.

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    What is a common treatment for mastitis?

    Antibiotics, heat application, analgesics, and a firm, supportive bra can help manage mastitis.

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    What type of cancer is breast cancer?

    Breast cancer is an adenocarcinoma originating in the breast ducts.

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    Name a risk factor for breast cancer.

    Having a family history of breast cancer increases the risk of developing the disease.

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    Ectopic Pregnancy

    A fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube.

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    What are some symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy?

    Ectopic pregnancies are characterized by acute pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and a positive pregnancy test.

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    What is the primary treatment for an ectopic pregnancy?

    Surgery is required to terminate the pregnancy as early as possible, with efforts to preserve the ovary and fallopian tube if future pregnancy is desired.

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    Spontaneous Abortion

    A natural termination of pregnancy before the fetus becomes viable, also known as a miscarriage.

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    What are some symptoms associated with spontaneous abortion?

    Spontaneous abortion is often accompanied by vaginal bleeding and cramping or pelvic pain.

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    Hyperemesis Gravidarum

    Excessive vomiting during pregnancy, leading to dehydration, weight loss, and potential electrolyte imbalance.

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    What is a potential consequence of hyperemesis gravidarum?

    Prolonged and intense vomiting can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance.

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    Placenta Previa

    Abnormal positioning of the placenta in the lower uterus, often near or covering the cervical os.

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    What is a key symptom of placenta previa?

    Painless, bright red vaginal bleeding during the third trimester is a characteristic symptom of placenta previa.

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    Study Notes

    Female Anatomy and Physiology

    • External structures include the vulva, labia majora and minora, clitoris, vestibule and vestibular glands, hymen, and vaginal orifice.
    • Internal structures include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and female hormones: estrogen and progesterone.

    Male Anatomy and Physiology

    • External structures include scrotum, penis.
    • Internal structures include testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral and prostate glands.

    Common Signs and Symptoms (Female)

    • Abdominal and pelvic pain
    • Fever and malaise
    • Abnormal vaginal discharge
    • Burning and/or itching of genitals
    • Pain during sexual intercourse
    • Any change in breast tissue
    • Abnormal discharge from nipple

    Common Signs and Symptoms (Male)

    • Urinary disorders (frequency, dysuria, nocturia, incontinence)
    • Pain in pelvis, groin, or reproductive organs
    • Lesions on external genitals
    • Swelling of reproductive organs
    • Abnormal penile drainage
    • Burning, itching of the genitals

    Diagnostic Tests (Female)

    • Bimanual examination
    • Hysterosalpingogram
    • Pap smear of cervix
    • Cervical biopsy
    • Cone biopsy
    • Dilatation and curettage
    • Laparoscopy
    • Mammography
    • Blood tests

    Diagnostic Tests (Male)

    • Digital rectal examination
    • Cystoscopy
    • Biopsy
    • Laboratory tests (including PSA tests)

    Female Reproductive System Diseases

    • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): Symptoms before menstruation (headache, nausea, back pain, edema, weight gain, breast tenderness, sleep disturbances, irritability, mood swings, depression). Individualized treatment (dietary changes, avoiding caffeine, chocolate, nicotine, alcohol).
    • Menstrual abnormalities: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia.

    Female Reproductive System Diseases

    • Menopause: Natural cessation of menstruation typically between ages 40 and 50 (physiological change). Symptoms: hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, psychological symptoms in some cases. Diagnosis: FSH blood tests. Treatment: MHT (menopausal hormone therapy).
    • Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina, usually caused by bacteria, yeast, or other factors. Symptoms: vaginal burning, itching, swelling, white discharge. Diagnosis: testing vaginal fluid pH, culture, antigen detection. Treatment: addressing the cause and abstaining from sex until healed.

    Female Reproductive System Diseases (continued)

    • Endometriosis: Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus (ovaries, fallopian tubes, abdominal wall, intestines). Symptoms: dysmenorrhea, low back, vaginal, and pelvic cramping, heavy menses, dyspareunia. Treatment: hormones, remission with pregnancy, nursing, and menopause, panhysterectomy.
    • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Inflammation of pelvic reproductive organs (cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis). Causes: often sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Symptoms: fever, chills, pelvic pain, leukorrhea. Treatment: antibiotics, analgesics, rest. Prevention: safe sex practices with condom use.

    Female Reproductive System Diseases (continued)

    • Ovarian cyst: Benign fluid-filled sac(s) on or near the ovary. Symptoms: low back pain, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, nausea, vomiting. Treatment: depends on type and size, may resolve by itself or require laparoscopy.
    • Fibroid tumor: Benign tumors of smooth uterine muscle; common tumor of the reproductive system in women. Symptoms: abnormal uterine bleeding, excessive menstrual bleeding, pain. Treatment: depends on age and desire for children, surgical removal (hysterectomy).

    Male Reproductive System Diseases

    • Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland. Symptoms include dysuria, pyuria, fever, low back pain. Treatment: antibiotics, warm sitz baths, increased fluid intake, analgesics.

    Male Reproductive System Diseases (continued)

    • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of prostate gland due to normal cells growing and enlarging, usually affects males over age 50. Symptoms: nocturia, inability to start urination, weak urinary stream, inability to empty bladder. Treatment: prostatic massage, sitz baths, catheterizations, regular sexual intercourse, surgery.
    • Prostatic carcinoma: Cancer of the prostate gland. Frequently affects males over age 50; is second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Symptoms similar to BPH. Treatment depends on age, physical condition and degree of metastasis.
    • Epididymitis/Orchitis: Inflammation of epididymis/testes (viral or bacterial infection). Symptoms: swelling, pain, tenderness, fever, malaise. Treatment (depends on cause): antibiotics (if bacterial), rest, analgesics, antipyretic, scrotal support.

    Male Reproductive System Diseases (continued)

    • Testicular tumor: Testicular cancer, commonly found between ages 20 and 35. Symptoms: painless mass in testicle. Treatment: orchiectomy, chemotherapy, radiation.
    • Cryptorchidism: Undescended testicle. Treatment: surgery.

    Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

    • Overview of various STDs (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Hepatitis, Genital herpes, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis, Genital warts).
    • Ectopic pregnancy: Fertilized ovum attaches outside the uterus, often in fallopian tubes. Symptoms: acute pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, positive pregnancy test. Treatment: prompt surgery.
    • Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage): Natural termination of pregnancy before viability. Symptoms: vaginal bleeding, cramping/pelvic pain. Treatment: bed rest.
    • Morning sickness/Hyperemesis gravidarum: Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, possibly excessive vomiting creating dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance. Treatment: not necessary unless severe, light meals, dry foods before drinking, avoid fatty foods, rest. (Hyperemesis: IV fluids, withhold foods.)
    • Toxemia: Often appears in third trimester, characterized by hypertension, sudden weight gain, proteinuria, edema in face, hands and feet. Treatment: monitoring blood pressure, weight, and urine protein.
    • Abruptio placentae: Separation of placenta from uterus, symptoms range from asymptomatic to severe pain and bleeding. Treatment: prompt delivery (vaginal or cesarean), blood replacement.
    • Placenta previa: Abnormal positioning of the placenta in the lower uterus. Symptoms: painless vaginal bleeding during third trimester. Treatment: vaginal delivery if mild/asymptomatic, Cesarean section if severe bleeding or fetal distress.

    Other Disorders

    • Dyspareunia: Pain/discomfort during intercourse. Multiple causes; treatment depends on cause.
    • Female arousal-orgasmic dysfunction: Difficulty experiencing sexual arousal or orgasm.
    • Erectile dysfunction (ED): Inability to obtain or maintain erection sufficient for intercourse. Treatment varies including medications, psychological counseling, surgery, and internal/external devices.
    • Premature ejaculation: Ejaculation before, during, or soon after intercourse. Multiple causes; treatment: based on cause, including sex therapy.
    • Infertility: Inability to achieve pregnancy. Female and male causes (hormonal problems, reproductive organ abnormalities, infections, antibodies that kill sperm, structural abnormalities). Treatment: addressing specific cause.
    • Rape/Trauma
    • Rare Diseases (vaginal cancer, puerperal sepsis, hydatidiform mole)
    • Effects of Aging on Females/Males

    Diseases of the Breast

    • Mastitis: Inflammation of breast tissue. Symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain, bloody nipple discharge. Treatment: antibiotics, heat application, analgesics, supportive bra.
    • Breast cancer: Adenocarcinoma of breast ducts. Risk factors include age, family history. Symptoms: nontender lump, often in upper outer quadrant. Treatment: lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation.
    • Fibrocystic disease: Most common breast disorder in premenopausal women (ages 30-55). Associated with estrogen levels. Treatment: decreasing breast pain—reducing caffeine, salt, and using mild diuretics, mild analgesics.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of both male and female reproductive systems. It includes external and internal structures, as well as common signs and symptoms associated with both genders. Test your understanding of the intricacies of human biology.

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