Human Anatomy and Physiology Basics

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle fiber type is primarily responsible for endurance activities like long-distance running?

  • Type I (correct)
  • Type IIa
  • Type IIb/IIx
  • None of the above

Which joint type is found in the elbow and knee, allowing for flexion and extension?

  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Ball-and-socket
  • Hinge (correct)

What is the anatomical term for the front of the body?

  • Lateral
  • Superior
  • Posterior
  • Anterior (correct)

Which of these factors is an intrinsic factor that can influence physical performance?

<p>Altitude (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?

<p>Sagittal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

<p>Ball-and-socket (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pharmacological ergogenic aid?

<p>Anabolic steroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is located on the front of the thigh?

<p>Quadriceps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of training is most important for improving speed and agility in a basketball player?

<p>Specificity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extrinsic factor might negatively impact an athlete's performance during a competition?

<p>Weather (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle fiber is best suited for endurance activities, such as long-distance running?

<p>Type I (slow-twitch) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is essential for building and repairing muscle tissue after a workout?

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is found at the elbow?

<p>Hinge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body plane divides the body into upper and lower halves?

<p>Transverse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is found in the shoulder?

<p>Ball-and-socket (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an ergogenic aid?

<p>To improve athletic performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of ergogenic aid encompasses techniques like hypnosis and music?

<p>Psychological (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with the use of nutritional supplements?

<p>Possible contamination in unregulated products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which training principle involves gradually increasing the weight lifted during strength training?

<p>Overload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physiological effect of training at high altitudes?

<p>Increased red blood cell production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following intrinsic factors plays a crucial role in an athlete's mental resilience?

<p>Self-efficacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient is essential for muscle repair and growth following intense physical exertion?

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern associated with the use of pharmacological ergogenic aids like anabolic steroids?

<p>Possible side effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of carbohydrates? (Select all that apply)

<p>They have health risks (A), They are inexpensive (B), They are widely accepted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient is essential for sustained energy during endurance activities?

<p>Carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of carb loading?

<p>Eating additional carbs before a sports event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

“Slow Twitch” muscle fibers are also known as?

<p>Type I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an example of a pivot joint?

<p>Neck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is an example of an involuntary muscle?

<p>Muscular wall of an artery or vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a characteristic of type IIb/IIx muscle fibers?

<p>They produce a large amount of force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following muscles contracts to bring about extension at the hip?

<p>Gluteus maximus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anterior

The term referring to the front of the body in anatomical terminology.

Sagittal Plane

The body plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

Hinge Joint

A type of joint found at the elbow that allows flexion and extension.

Quadriceps

The muscle located on the front of the thigh.

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Type I Muscle Fiber

The muscle fiber type best suited for long-distance running, known as slow-twitch fibers.

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

A type of joint found in the shoulder that allows for multi-directional movement.

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Fast-Twitch Muscle Fiber

Muscle fibers that are suited for explosive power and quick bursts of speed.

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Coronal Plane

A body plane that divides the body into front and back halves, also known as frontal plane.

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Ergogenic aid

A tool or substance that enhances athletic performance.

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Psychological ergogenic aids

Category including techniques like meditation and visualization for improving performance.

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Nutritional aids drawback

Risk of contamination in unregulated supplements, posing health risks.

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Training principle of progression

The principle that involves gradually increasing workout intensity for improvement.

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Altitude effects on performance

High altitude can reduce oxygen availability, affecting endurance.

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Self-efficacy

An athlete's belief in their own abilities to succeed.

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Essential nutrient for muscle repair

Proteins are crucial for muscle repair and growth after workouts.

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Drawback of anabolic steroids

Significant health risks associated with their use, including legal consequences.

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Essential macronutrient for endurance

Carbohydrates provide sustained energy during endurance activities.

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Example of carb loading

Eating additional carbs before a sports event to enhance performance.

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Slow Twitch muscle fibers

Also known as Type I muscle fibers, they are resistant to fatigue and used for endurance.

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Pivot joint example

The neck is an example of a pivot joint that allows rotation.

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Involuntary muscle example

The muscular wall of an artery or vein is an example of involuntary muscle.

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Characteristics of Type IIb/IIx muscle fibers

They are very fatigue-resistant and produce a large amount of force.

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Muscle for hip extension

The gluteus maximus contracts to bring about extension at the hip.

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Biceps muscle role

Biceps are responsible for flexion, not extension, of the arm.

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Type IIb muscle fibers

Muscle fibers that produce the highest force but fatigue quickly.

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Pivot joint

A joint type that allows for rotation, such as turning the head.

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Type IIb/IIx muscle fibers

Muscle fibers best for short, explosive movements.

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Progression principle

The training principle that workouts should gradually increase in difficulty.

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Reversibility

The decline in fitness levels after stopping regular exercise.

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Specificity principle

Training principle emphasizing workouts tailored to specific goals.

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Carbohydrates

The nutrient most critical for immediate energy during exercise.

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Study Notes

Anatomical Terminology

  • Anterior: Front of the body
  • Posterior: Back of the body
  • Lateral: Side of the body
  • Superior: Above
  • Inferior: Below
  • Coronal plane: Divides body into front and back
  • Sagittal plane: Divides body into left and right
  • Transverse plane: Divides body into top and bottom

Joints

  • Ball-and-socket joint: Most mobile and versatile joint (e.g., shoulder)
  • Hinge joint: Allows movement in one direction (e.g., elbow)
  • Pivot joint: Allows rotation (e.g., neck)
  • Ellipsoid (condyloid) joint: Allows movement in multiple directions (e.g., wrist)
  • Saddle joint: Allows movement in two directions (e.g., base of thumb)

Muscle Fiber Types

  • Type I (slow-twitch): Endurance activities, rely on aerobic metabolism
  • Type IIa (fast-twitch, oxidative): High force, fatigue-resistant, moderate endurance
  • Type IIb/IIx (fast-twitch, glycolytic): Highest force but fatigue quickly, short, explosive movements

Body Planes

  • Frontal: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.
  • Sagittal: Divides the body into left and right portions.
  • Transverse: Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions.

Muscle Actions

  • Extension: Straightening of a joint
  • Flexion: Bending of a joint

Training Principles

  • Specificity: Tailoring workouts to specific goals
  • Progression: Gradually increasing the intensity of workouts
  • Overload: Working the body harder than it's used to
  • Reversibility: Losing fitness gains if training stops
  • Motivation: Athlete's belief in their abilities
  • Nutrients: Essential for muscle repair and growth.

Ergogenic Aids

  • Pharmacological: performance-enhancing substances (may be illegal or risky)
  • Psychological: mental strategies like visualisation or goal-setting

Intrinsic Factors

  • Motivation
  • Self-efficacy
  • Goal-setting
  • Visualization

Extrinsic Factors

  • Weather
  • Temperature
  • Altitude

Sports Nutrition

  • Carbohydrates: Essential for sustained energy during endurance activities
  • Protein: Essential for muscle repair and growth
  • Fat: Essential for energy and hormone production
  • Carb Loading: Consuming extra carbohydrates before an event
  • Ergogenic Aids: substances (nutritional, pharmacological, psychological) aiming to improve athletic performance

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