Anatomical Terminology and Motion Planes Quiz

Anatomical Terminology and Planes of Motion

• Anatomical directions include medial (toward the midline), lateral (away from the midline), superior (above), and inferior (below).
• Planes of motion include the sagittal plane (dividing the body into left and right halves, e.g., forward lunges), the frontal plane (dividing the body into front and back halves, e.g., jumping jacks), and the transverse plane (dividing the body into top and bottom halves, e.g., torso rotations).
• Axes of rotation are associated with planes of motion: the sagittal plane rotates around the frontal axis, the frontal plane rotates around the sagittal axis, and the transverse plane rotates around the vertical axis.

Joints, Connective Tissue, and Muscle Mechanics

• Joint classifications include synarthrodial (immovable joints, e.g., skull sutures), amphiarthrodial (slightly movable joints, e.g., pubic symphysis), and diarthrodial (freely movable joints, e.g., knee, shoulder).
• Tendons are dense connective tissue that attach muscles to bones.

Biomechanics, Levers, and Motion

• Kinematics studies motion (position, velocity, acceleration).
• Kinetics studies forces causing motion.
• Levers have components: a fulcrum (pivot point), force (effort applied), and resistance (load being moved). Different lever classes arrange these components in various ways (e.g., first class, second class, third class).
• Torque is a rotational force around an axis.
• Levers provide mechanical advantages in terms of force amplification, speed, or range of motion (ROM), depending on the class and moment arms.
• Angular motion refers to movement around an axis, while linear motion is a straight-line movement.
• Object diameter affects linear motion from angular rotation (larger diameter means more linear motion).

Newton's Laws of Motion and Related Concepts

• Newton's first law is the law of inertia (objects stay at rest or in motion unless acted upon).
• Newton's second law describes acceleration as the product of force and inversely proportional to mass (F=ma).
• Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
• Inertia measures an object's resistance to changes in motion.
• Impulse is the change in momentum due to an applied force over time.
• Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity.
• Ground reaction force is the force exerted by the ground in response to an applied force. Different surfaces produce different levels of ground reaction force.
• Friction can be static (objects at rest), kinetic (objects in motion), or rolling (objects rolling). Static friction is higher than kinetic friction, and rolling friction is the lowest.