Human Anatomy and Emergency Conditions

Shock

• A life-threatening condition where the body's organs and tissues don't receive enough blood flow.
• This leads to a lack of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to organs.

Parts of the Musculoskeletal System

• Bones: Provide structure and support
• Joints: Allow movement between bones
• Muscles: Enable movement, maintain posture, and generate heat
• Tendons: Connect muscles to bones
• Ligaments: Connect bones to bones

Structures that Form the Thorax

• Ribs: 12 pairs, protect internal organs
• Sternum: Breastbone, connects ribs
• Thoracic vertebrae: Posterior portion of the thorax

Automaticity

• The ability of the heart to initiate its own electrical impulses, allowing it to beat without external stimulation.

Spinal Column and the Sections Prone to Injury

• Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal sections.
• Cervical and lumbar regions are most prone to injury due to their flexible nature and involvement in movement.

Platelets

• Small, irregular cell fragments in blood responsible for blood clotting.

Capillaries (Resp.)

• Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins; facilitate gas exchange.

Concerns in Hemorrhage

• Loss of blood can lead to decreased oxygen transport, decreased blood pressure, and potential organ damage.

Systolic

• The highest pressure in the arteries during a heartbeat, reflecting the force of blood pumped by the heart.

The Fight or Flight Response and What Hormone. Signs You Will See

• Hormone: Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Signs: Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, dilated pupils, sweating, and muscle tension.

Xiphoid Process

• The small, pointed end of the sternum.

Radius

• The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.

Pulmonary Artery

• Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Most Muscular Part of the Heart

• The left ventricle, responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body.

Epidermis

• The outermost layer of skin.

Pancreas

• An organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin.

Tongue

• A muscular organ responsible for speech, taste, and swallowing.

Seesaw Breathing

• A pattern of breathing where the abdomen rises as the chest falls, and vice versa, often seen in infants.

Aerobic Metabolism

• The process of generating energy in the presence of oxygen, producing ATP for cellular functions.

Stimulation to Breath

• The primary drive is carbon dioxide buildup in the blood, stimulating the respiratory center in the brain to increase breathing rate.

Encephalitis

• Inflammation of the brain, often caused by viral infections.

Graves' Disease

• An autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, causing overproduction of thyroid hormones.

Histamine

• A chemical released by the body in response to allergens or injury, causing inflammation and other symptoms.

Tidal Volume

• The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.

Dead Air Space

• The volume of air within the respiratory system that does not participate in gas exchange.

Passive Process and Active Process of Breathing

• Passive: Exhalation, driven by the natural recoil of the lungs and chest wall.
• Active: Inhalation, requires muscle contraction to expand the lungs and draw air in.

Plasma

• The fluid component of blood, carrying dissolved nutrients, proteins, and other substances.

Minute Volume and How to Calculate

• The total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute.
• Calculation: Tidal Volume x respiratory rate.

Mitochondria

• Organelles within cells responsible for energy production through cellular respiration.

Palmar

• Referring to the palm of the hand.

Bonding

• The development of a strong emotional connection between a caregiver and a child, essential for healthy development.

Infancy

• The period from birth to one year of age.

Moro Reflex

• A primitive reflex in infants where they extend their arms and legs in response to a sudden loss of support.

Vital Signs for Toddlers

• Heart rate: 80-120 beats per minute
• Respiration: 20-30 breaths per minute
• Temperature: 97.5-99.5 degrees Fahrenheit

Vital Signs for Preschool

• Heart rate: 70-100 beats per minute
• Respiration: 18-24 breaths per minute
• Temperature: 97.5-99.5 degrees Fahrenheit

School Age

• Children between the ages of 5 and 12 years.

Anterior Fontanelle

• The "soft spot" on a baby's head, which allows for brain growth and development.

Stridor

• A high-pitched, noisy breathing sound often heard during inspiration, indicating airway obstruction.

Nasal Flaring

• The widening of the nostrils during breathing, a sign of respiratory distress.

Altered Mental Status Effect Breathing

• Confusion or decreased responsiveness can impact the body's ability to regulate breathing.

Inadequate Airway

• An airway that is partially or completely blocked, preventing adequate airflow to the lungs.

Oropharyngeal Airway

• A plastic tube inserted into the mouth to maintain an open airway.

Nasopharyngeal Airway

• A plastic tube inserted into the nose to maintain an open airway.

Portable Suction

• Device used to remove fluids or foreign objects from the airway.

Pediatric Airway

• Children have smaller and more flexible airways than adults, making them more susceptible to airway obstruction.

Signs of Hypoxia

• Pale or cyanotic (blue) skin, rapid breathing, altered mental status, and potentially seizures.

Signs of Inadequate Breathing

• Abnormal breathing patterns, such as seesaw breathing, nasal flaring, or retractions, as well as gasping or grunting.

Pulmonary Respiration

• The process of gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released.

Use of Bag-Valve Mask

• A device that provides positive pressure ventilation to assist with breathing. A one-way valve directs air from the bag into the patient's airway during compressions.

Explore essential topics in human anatomy, including the musculoskeletal system, thorax structures, and vital conditions such as shock. This quiz covers the automaticity of the heart and the sections of the spinal column that are prone to injury. Test your knowledge in critical aspects of human anatomy and physiology.