Human Acts: Definition, Elements, and Voluntariness

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Questions and Answers

Match the terms related to human acts with their correct definitions:

Human Act = An action that proceeds from the deliberate free will of a person. Knowledge = Awareness and understanding of what one is doing. Freedom = Ability to perform an act under the control of one's own will without external constraints. Voluntariness = Presence of both knowledge and freedom in the agent to perform an act.

Match the elements involved in the completion of elicited acts of the will with their description:

Wish = The primordial desire or inclination of the will towards something conceived as good. Intention = The purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable. Choice = The active commitment of the agent to follow what means the intellect has opted. Fruition = The actual attainment of the desired good.

Match the classifications of acts in relation to Reason with their meaning:

Good Acts = Actions done in harmony with dictates of right reason. Evil Acts = Actions done in contradiction to the dictates of right reason. Indifferent Acts = Actions that are neither good nor evil, bearing no positive relation to dictates of reason. Reason = The intellectual power or faculty which is ordinarily employed by man in adapting thought or action to some end

Match the modifiers of human acts with their corresponding definitions:

<p>Ignorance = Absence of knowledge in a person regarding something they should know. Concupiscence = Emotions and feelings affecting one’s actions. Fear = Emotion apprehending impending evil, leading to avoidance. Violence = Application of external force to compel someone against their will.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their role in determining the morality of a human act:

<p>Knowledge = The agent’s understanding of the act and its consequences. Freedom = The agent’s capacity to act according to their own will. Voluntariness = The extent to which the agent wills the act with freedom and knowledge. Modifiers = Factors that affect knowledge, freedom, or voluntariness, altering moral responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples with the elements of a human act they best represent:

<p>Choosing to study instead of going out with friends. = Freedom Understanding that stealing is wrong. = Knowledge Willingly donating time to a charity. = Voluntariness Accidentally causing harm due to lack of information. = Involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match types of human acts with examples of activities:

<p>Using one's intellect to think before making an important choice. = Human act in relation to reason Having the desire to help others. = Human act in relation to the will Being compelled against your will to testify. = Involuntary Reading a book. = Voluntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the modifier with the scenario it describes:

<p>Committing a crime due to the threat of violence. = Violence Acting impulsively due to strong emotions. = Concupiscence Unintentionally breaking the law because you were unaware of it. = Ignorance Hesitating to enter a dark room due to a prior bad experience. = Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ethical scenarios with the type of human act they represent:

<p>Giving to charity with the intent to alleviate suffering. = Good Act Lying to protect oneself, causing harm to others. = Evil Act Selecting a specific brand of coffee. = Indifferent Act Taking a life to save another = Circumstantial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples with the element of elicited acts they exemplify:

<p>Visualizing achieving a long-term goal. = Wish Planning steps to complete a project successfully. = Counsel Starting the first task of a multi-stage process = Command Deriving satisfaction from finishing a challenging task. = Fruition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the potential impacts of modifiers on human acts:

<p>Reduce = Level of voluntariness Affect = Essential elements of human acts Influence = Moral responsibility Alter = Knowledge or understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenarios with the modifier of human acts they best correspond to:

<p>Panicking when a fire alarm goes off and running without thinking. = Fear Constantly arriving late due to repeatedly hitting the snooze button. = Habit Not understanding a contract fully when signing it. = Ignorance Yielding to peer pressure to try something against your better judgment. = Concupiscence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements to whether they reflect 'Knowledge' or 'Ignorance' in the context of human acts:

<p>Understanding the potential consequences of your actions before you act. = Knowledge Being unaware of a law that you are expected to know. = Ignorance Knowing that stealing is wrong. = Knowledge Making a decision based on incomplete or incorrect information. = Ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match situations with Freedom in doing an act:

<p>Choosing what to study out of personal interest. = Freedom Having to pick only option C on an exam = Lack of Freedom Making a purchase with money earned without constraints. = Freedom Complying with a request under threat of physical assault. = Lack of Freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these acts in progress with its impact regarding voluntariness:

<p>Planning an act = Increase voluntariness Having no awareness = Negates voluntariness Giving in to temptations = Diminishes voluntariness Doing the act willingly = Reinforces voluntariness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of ignorance with their potential effects on the responsibility for an action:

<p>Vincible Ignorance = Reduces, but does not eliminate responsibility. Invincible Ignorance = Eliminates responsibility. Affected Ignorance = Increases responsibility. Deliberate Ignorance = Heightens responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenarios with the modifier they are associated with:

<p>Stealing food because you are extremely hungry, and your family is hungry. = Concupiscence Refusing to enter a war. = Fear Punching someone when mind-controlled. = Violence Calling it a day when a habit makes it difficult to concentrate. = Habit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the classification with their role in relation to human acts:

<p>Human Act = An action of the will, performed freely by knowledge. Good Acts = In union with reason. Evil Acts = Not consistent with reason. Command = An act involving intellect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms associated with human behavior:

<p>Human Acts = Involved Will Voluntariness = Knowledge Freedom Modifiers = Affect Responsibility Evil Acts = Non-rational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms associated with the will of humans:

<p>Wish = Desire by intellect Intention = The purposive tendency. Command = Intellect and Will play Choice = Intellect has opted for</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Human Acts?

Actions proceeding from the deliberate free will of a person. It refers to any activity performed by man.

What are the 3 Elements of Human Acts?

Knowledge, Freedom, and Voluntariness.

What is Knowledge in relation to Human Acts?

A human act is an act done with knowledge. Doing an act with knowledge makes the act deliberate.

What is Voluntariness in relation to Human Acts?

Voluntariness requires the presence of knowledge and freedom in the agent.

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What is Freedom in relation to Human Acts?

A human act is an act done with freedom. The agent does an act under the control of his will.

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Elicited vs Commanded Acts

Elicited acts are those which are started by the will, performed by the will and are completed by the will as the sole agent. Commanded acts are those which are begun in the will, performed by the will but are completely by the will through another medium which is under the control of the will.

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Wish, Intention, Counsel

Wish refers to the primordial desire of the will to an object. Intention refers to the purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable. Counsel refers to the series of thoughts and judgments concerning the most suitable means towards the attainment of the desired good or end.

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Choice, Command, Fruition

Choice refers to the active commitment of the agent to follow what means the intellect has finally opted as the right pick. Command refers to the active interplay between intellect and the will. Fruition refers to the actual attainment of the desired good.

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Good, Evil and Indifferent Acts

Good acts are in harmony with dictates of right reason. Evil acts contradict dictates of right reason. Indifferent acts are neither.

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What do modifiers do?

Affect essential elements; greater knowledge, freedom & voluntariness leads to greater responsibility.

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What is Ignorance?

Absence of knowledge in a person who is required to know.

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What is Concupiscence?

Emotions and feelings of man in relation to his actions.

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What is violence?

Application of physical power to compel action against will.

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What is Fear?

Emotion that apprehends evil, causing desire to escape.

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What is Habit?

Constant, easy way of doing things acquired by repetition.

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Study Notes

  • The module discusses the definition, classification, and voluntariness of human acts.

Definition of Human Acts

  • Human acts proceed from a person's deliberate free will.
  • Human acts refer to any activity performed by a person, whether physical, spiritual, or internal.

Elements of Human Acts

  • There are three substantial elements of human acts: knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness.

Knowledge

  • A human act is done with knowledge.
  • Acting with knowledge makes the act deliberate.
  • The agent has intellectual knowledge of the act.
  • The agent is aware of the means to employ when performing the act.

Freedom

  • A human act is done with freedom.
  • Acting with freedom means the agent acts under the control of their will.
  • The agent's will is not affected by any constraint within or outside of themselves.
  • The agent is not forced to do or not do a particular action when doing a free act.

Voluntariness

  • Voluntariness requires the presence of both knowledge and freedom in the agent.

Classification of Human Acts

  • Human acts are classified in relation to the will and in relation to reason.

Human Acts in Relation to the Will

  • Elicited acts are started, performed, and completed by the will as the sole agent.
  • Commanded acts are begun and performed by the will but completed through another medium controlled by the will.
  • The seven elements involved in the completion of elicited acts are wish, intention, counsel, choice, command, and fruition.
  • Wish refers to the primordial desire or inclination of the will perceived as good and known by the intellect.
  • Intention refers to the purposive tendency of the will toward a thing regarded as realizable, whether the thing is actually done or not.
  • Counsel refers to the series of thoughts and judgments concerning the most suitable means towards the attainment of the desired good or end.
  • Choice refers to the active commitment of the agent to follow what the intellect has finally opted as the right pick.
  • Command refers to the active interplay between intellect and the will.
  • Fruition refers to the actual attainment of the desired good.

Human Acts in Relation to Reason

  • Human acts can be classified as good, evil, or indifferent.
  • Good acts are actions done in harmony with the dictates of right reason.
  • Evil acts are actions done in contradiction to the dictates of right reason.
  • Indifferent acts are neither good nor evil and bear no positive relation to dictates of reason.

Modifiers of Human Acts

  • Modifiers of human acts affect the essential elements such that greater knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness lead to greater responsibility for the consequences.
  • The five modifiers of human acts are ignorance, concupiscence, fear, violence, and habit.
  • Ignorance is the absence of knowledge in a person who is required to know what they do not know.
  • Concupiscence refers to the emotions and feelings of humans in relation to their actions.
  • Fear is the emotion that apprehends impending evil and manifests itself in the desire to avoid or escape it.
  • Violence is the application or use of physical power or external force on a person by another to compel them to do something against their will.
  • Habit is a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by repetition.

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