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Questions and Answers
What are the three major fields of physical anthropology?
Primatology, Paleontology, Human Biology
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?
Id, Ego, Superego
Who conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment?
Bandura
What are the four stages of Cognitive Development proposed by Piaget?
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What are the main social institutions?
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List the three primary agents of socialization.
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How does Skinner's theory of operant conditioning differ from Roger's Client-Centered Therapy or Maslow's theory?
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Identify two social groups in your school and explain their characteristics, norms, values, and behaviors.
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What is the main difference between sex and gender in sociological terms?
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How does the concept of the 'Looking Glass Self' relate to socialization?
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What is the main argument of Conflict Theory, and how does it relate to Karl Marx's ideas?
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What is the primary goal of the 'Hidden Curriculum' in schools, and how does it relate to socialization?
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What is the main finding of the Stanford Prison Experiment, and what does it reveal about human behavior?
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Study Notes
Anthropology Concepts
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Within the realm of anthropology, various schools of thought have emerged to shape our understanding of human cultures and societies. The Postmodernist perspective challenges traditional notions of objectivity, instead advocating for a fragmented and subjective understanding of reality. The Functionalist school of thought posits that social structures and institutions play a pivotal role in shaping individual behavior. This perspective suggests that societal norms, values, and institutions influence the actions and thoughts of individuals, often in ways that are not readily apparent. In this framework, social structures are seen as pivotal in maintaining social order and stability by fostering cooperation and solidarity among group members.specifically focusing on the ways in which patriarchal structures and gendered norms shape the lives and experiences of women, marginalized groups, and individuals who exist at the intersection of multiple marginalized identities.. Cultural materialism, a framework by Marshall Sahlins, suggests that a society's material and economic conditions profoundly impact its cultural practices and values. It highlights how production, distribution, and consumption shape individuals' beliefs, norms, and behaviors..Finally, cultural relativity, as pioneered by Franz Boas, underscores the importance of considering cultural differences and avoiding ethnocentric biases.
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Physical anthropology focuses on human biology and evolution, encompassing osteology (study of human skeletons), primatology (primate biology and behavior), and forensic anthropology (crime scene analysis and identification).
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Franz Boas, a renowned German-American anthropologist, is credited with introducing cultural relativism to the field of anthropology. He emphasized the importance of understanding and embracing cultural differences, rather than imposing Western values or biases.Darwin's Contribution to Anthropology
This significant contribution helped anthropologists shift their focus from a Eurocentric perspective to a more nuanced understanding of human cultures. By recognizing the diversity of human development, Darwin's theory encouraged researchers to adopt a more relativistic approach, acknowledging that cultural differences are a natural part of human evolution.
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Ethnography: study of cultures
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Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures based on one's own culture
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Cultural Materialism: three distinct levels
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Forensic Anthropology: application of anthropology in legal matters
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Bipedalism: human adaptation for walking on two legs
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Reflexivity: self-awareness in anthropological research
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Kinship: study of family relationships
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Informant: local guide in anthropological research
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Subculture: group within a larger culture with distinct practices
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Enculturation: process of learning one's culture
Social Institutions
- There are 5 main social institutions that shape society
Sociological Schools of Thought
- Functionalism: focuses on the ways in which social institutions contribute to the functioning of society
- Feminist Theory: examines the role of gender in society and the ways in which women are oppressed
- Conflict Theory: emphasizes the role of conflict and power in shaping social relationships
- Symbolic Interactionism: focuses on the ways in which individuals interact with each other and the symbols they use to communicate
Key Thinkers
- Karl Marx: developed the Conflict Theory, emphasizing the role of class conflict in shaping society
Socialization
- Socialization is the process by which individuals learn to become members of society
- Primary agents of socialization: family, responsible for initial socialization of children
- Secondary agents of socialization: peers, school, and other institutions that continue the socialization process
- Cooley's Looking Glass Self: the concept that our self-image is shaped by the way we think others perceive us
Conformity and Obedience
- Conformity: the act of following social norms and expectations
- Asch Experiment: demonstrated the power of conformity, as individuals conformed to the group's incorrect opinion
- Milgram Experiment: demonstrated the power of obedience to authority, as individuals administered electric shocks to others despite their objections
- Stanford Prison Experiment: demonstrated the power of social roles, as students became sadistic or submissive when given roles of prisoners or guards
Gender and Sexuality
- Gender: the social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or female
- Sex: the biological characteristics that define males and females
- Intersex: individuals born with both male and female biological characteristics
- Gender spectrum: the range of gender identities and expressions beyond the traditional male/female binary
Education
- School: a primary agent of socialization, responsible for teaching academic and social skills
- 3 types of curriculum: formal (academic subjects), hidden (social norms and values), and null (unintentional lessons)
Family and Childhood
- Feral children: individuals who have been raised without human interaction or socialization
- Family types: different forms of family structures, such as nuclear, extended, and single-parent families
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Description
Review questions and topics for the HSP3C final exam, covering anthropology concepts such as schools of thought and social science significance. Prepare for your exam with this comprehensive review!
