HRT 430 Midterm - MSU Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Scientific evidence indicates that people can be grouped into 4 groups of tasting profiles known as , , , .

Sweet, hyper-sensitive, sensitive, tolerant

What are examples of production areas that influence wine flavor and aromas?

Vineyard: terroir, climate; Winery: fermenting, aging; Post Production: care, storage.

The basic general formula for how wine is made = sugar + yeast = alcohol and _________.

Carbon Dioxide

What are the basic steps in tasting wine?

See, swirl, sniff, sip, slurp, swish, swallow/spit. Signup and view all the answers

Why should you use a large glass in tasting wine?

It directs the aromas directly into the nose so that they are more concentrated. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'thrilling' refer to in wine tasting?

Allowing wine to enter the retro-nasal cavity, swishing around the mouth, aerating, warming, tasting across soft palate. Signup and view all the answers

What are you looking at when studying wine appearance?

Clarity and color of the wine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Aroma and Bouquet in describing the smell of a wine?

Aroma is derived from the grape variety; Bouquet comes from the influences of the winemaking process. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of chemical compounds associated with aromas in wines or juices?

Drying of tongue caused by tannins; green bananas, some red wines, persimmon, quince, teas. Signup and view all the answers

Would you expect white wines to be high in tannins and tanninic acid?

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of crystals in a white wine bottle or cork indicate?

They are formed during cold stabilization to remove excess potassium bitartrate. Signup and view all the answers

What are common faults derived from the usage of cork and oak barrels?

Poor hygiene, excessive/insufficient oxygen exposure, poor fining, filtering, and stabilization. Signup and view all the answers

What common color traits will you see with young versus old or mature wines?

Young whites are clearer, while old whites may be gold and approaching brown. Signup and view all the answers

What variety is associated with floral/tropical aromas and taste?

Monoterpenes (Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Traminette, Muscat). Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended temperatures for storing and serving various wines?

Red: Storage Temp: 55-65 F, Serving Temp: 65-75 F; Rose: Storage Temp: 39-45 F, Serving Temp: 45-55 F; White: Storage Temp: 39-45 F, Serving Temp: 45-55 F; Sparkling: Storage Temp: 43-48 F, Serving Temp: 43-48 F. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the entire wine market does the USA attract?

27.5% Signup and view all the answers

Leif Erickson called our country _______________ when he arrived.

Vineland Signup and view all the answers

What grape species was important in the history of wine in Europe?

Vitis Vinifera grape. Signup and view all the answers

How many years can wine production in Europe be dated back?

8000 years. Signup and view all the answers

A recent research study found remnants of a winery dated to 6100 BC in which modern country?

Armenia. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Roman Catholic Church on wine production and viticulture in Europe?

The Church established vineyards and wineries, emphasized wine in Christian rituals, and received land grants to grow grapes. Signup and view all the answers

Who were Dom Perignon, Jean Chaptal, Napoleon, and Louis Pasteur, and what did they contribute to the wine industry?

Dom Perignon created cork stoppering for sparkling wine; Jean introduced chaptalization; Napoleon established inheritance laws affecting vineyard ownership; Louis Pasteur explained fermentation science. Signup and view all the answers

What are the top five wine-producing countries in the world?

France, Italy, Spain, United States, Argentina Signup and view all the answers

What is the general health benefit of moderate wine consumption?

It may reduce the risk of several diseases, including heart disease and strokes. Signup and view all the answers

Can alcohol cause cancer?

True Signup and view all the answers

What affects BAC (Blood Alcohol Content) levels?

Body weight, time of consumption, body size, gender, and food consumption. Signup and view all the answers

The threshold for commercial drivers (driving while on the job) is _______.

.05% Signup and view all the answers

What is Terroir?

The effect of natural elements on a wine's aromatic and flavor characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four categories of grape varieties?

Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rotundifolia, Vitis vinifera. Signup and view all the answers

What is Phylloxera?

An insect that is devastating to grapes, mitigated by using resistant rootstocks. Signup and view all the answers

White wine is made by fermenting without the skins and cool temperature, and red wine is made by fermenting with skins and at __________ temperature.

Room Signup and view all the answers

What is 'toasting' in barrels?

The firing of barrels to influence the flavor components of wine. Signup and view all the answers

How do winemakers control the process of fermentation?

They can interrupt it with sulfur dioxide, chill the wine, choose specific yeast, or filter out yeast cells. Signup and view all the answers

What do winemakers check to know when it is time to harvest?

They monitor fruit sugar levels of grapes with a hand refractometer. Signup and view all the answers

Do twist caps allow for any oxidation of wine?

False Signup and view all the answers

Wine aged in oak barrels is done to ______________.

provide an excellent environment for aging by allowing moderate oxygenation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

American Wine Consumption

American wine consumption stands at 8 liters per year, significantly lower than Italy's 50+ liters.
The USA captures approximately 27.5% of the entire global wine market.

Historical Contributions

Leif Erickson referred to North America as "Vineland" around 1000 AD due to the proliferation of wild grapes.
Europe has evidence of wine production dating back 8,000 years, primarily associated with the Vitis Vinifera grape species.
The Transcaucas Mountains near Georgia have yielded fossil records of ancient grape vines.
The Greeks initially introduced wine production techniques to France around 600 BC, before the Romans expanded it.

Impact of the Catholic Church

The Catholic Church greatly influenced wine production from AD 700, declaring that cathedrals should sustain their own vineyards by the Council of Aachen in 816.
Wine became integral to Christian rituals, leading to extensive vineyard establishment across Europe.

Key Figures in Wine History

Dom Perignon: Innovated cork stoppers leading to the sparkling wine of Champagne.
Jean Chaptal: Developed "chaptalization," a method of adding sugar to increase alcohol content.
Napoleon: Reformed inheritance laws affecting vineyard ownership distribution.
Louis Pasteur: Explained fermentation science and yeast's role in winemaking.

Major Wine-Producing Countries

Top five global wine producers include France, Italy, Spain, the United States, and Argentina.

California Wine History

Father Junipero Serra initiated California's wine production, using the 'Mission' grape variety.

Michigan Wine Industry

The industry began in the southwestern region, with concord as the foundational grape variety.

Factors Influencing Wine Production

Romans grew grapes by utilizing trellises, food pairing techniques, and selecting high-quality grape varieties.
Terroir defines how local natural elements affect the characteristics of wine.
Quality of grape soil should be deep and rocky to support root activity.
Slope and elevation facilitate drainage of cold air and excessive rainfall.

Viticulture Challenges

Phylloxera is a devastating grapevine pest, mitigated by using resistant rootstocks.
Pierce's disease, spread by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, threatens grape production in Southern California.

Wine Quality Factors

Cool climates yield high acid, low sugar, and aromatic wines, while warm climates produce low acid, high sugar wines.
Crop load management is crucial, as excessive yields can dilute grape quality.

Winemaking Process

White wine is fermented without skins; red wine involves skins and is done at room temperature.
Sulfur dioxide preserves wine and prevents unwanted fermentation.
Grape juice containing pulp is called must; low sugar juice may undergo chaptalization to boost sugar levels.

Fermentation Details

"Racking" separates wine from sediment during production.
Malolactic fermentation converts malic acid to lactic acid for a smoother flavor.
Grapes are handpicked in cool conditions to ensure quality.

Tasting Factors

The 5 senses involved in wine tasting are vision, olfaction (smell), touch, chemical factors, and appearance.
Color and clarity are key visual attributes to assess in wine.

Physical Responses to Alcohol

Blood alcohol levels (BAC) are affected by factors including body weight, time consumed, and food intake.
Moderate wine consumption is associated with potential health benefits, including reduced heart disease risks and improved cholesterol levels.
The "French Paradox" highlights health benefits from red wine consumption despite high-fat diets.

Wine Preservation and Packaging

Corks can harbor TCA, which detracts from wine quality, while twist caps prevent oxidation.
Oak barrels enhance wine through slow oxygenation, though many white wines are aged in stainless steel.

These notes cover the essential aspects of American wine consumption, historical contributions, wine production factors, viticulture challenges, winemaking processes, health implications, and sensory evaluations.### Wine Tasting Profiles

People can be categorized into four tasting profiles: Sweet, Hyper-sensitive, Sensitive, Tolerant.
Most women tend to fall into the Sweet profile.

Wine Production Influences

Wine flavor and aromas are affected in three stages:
- Vineyard: influenced by terroir, climate, and soil.
- Winery: includes processes like fermenting and aging.
- Post Production: involves care during storage and handling of wine.

Wine Composition

Basic formula for wine production: sugar + yeast = alcohol + carbon dioxide.

Wine Tasting Process

Steps in tasting wine: See, Swirl, Sniff (repeat), Sip, Slurp, Swish, Swallow/Spit.

Importance of Glassware

Using a large glass helps to direct aromas to the nose, enhancing the tasting experience.
A narrowing rim concentrates aromas for a better sensory experience.

Thrilling Experience in Tasting

The term "thrilling" refers to allowing wine to enter the retro-nasal cavity, aerating, warming, and engaging taste receptors across the soft palate.

Evaluating Wine Appearance

Key components to assess: clarity and color of the wine to determine its quality.

Aroma vs. Bouquet

Aroma: characteristics derived from the grape variety.
Bouquet: complex compounds developed through the winemaking process, often indicating maturity.

Aroma-Associated Compounds

Examples of compounds include tannins which can cause a drying sensation; notes of green bananas, red wines, persimmon, and teas can be observed.

Tannins in Wines

White wines are generally low in tannins; red wines are high in tannins, contributing to their aging potential.
Sediment in red wine indicates the aging process, which involves the binding of tannins to proteins.

Acidity in Wine

A still wine lacking in acidity is considered flat.

Oxidized Wine Characteristics

Smell of rotten apple is often indicative of oxidized wine, which can be intentional in products like Sherry.

Methoxypyrazine in Grapes

This compound produces a strong green/pepper smell and can be influenced by vineyard practices, particularly inadequate light exposure to vines.

Wine Crystals

Crystals in white wine, formed during cold stabilization, are not harmful to drink and indicate proper winemaking techniques.

Common Wine Faults

Common faults related to cork and oak barrels include poor hygiene, improper exposure to oxygen/sulphur, excessive maceration, faulty filtering/stabilization, and cork taint.

Color Traits in Wines

Young white wines are clearer, while older wines may appear gold or brown, indicating aging.
Red wines transition to reddish-brown when they are past their prime.

Wine Varieties with Floral Aromas

Floral/tropical aromas and tastes are characteristic of grape varieties such as Riesling, Gewürztraminer, and Muscat.

Recommended Wine Storage and Serving Temperatures

Red Wine:
- Storage Temp: 55-65°F
- Serving Temp: 65-75°F
Rosé Wine:
- Storage Temp: 39-45°F
- Serving Temp: 45-55°F
White Wine:
- Storage Temp: 39-45°F
- Serving Temp: 45-55°F
Sparkling Wine:
- Storage & Serving Temp: 43-48°F

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Test your knowledge on American wine consumption and historical facts from the HRT 430 course at Michigan State University. These flashcards cover key statistics and interesting historical references related to wine production and consumption. Perfect for midterm preparation!