Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic of well-differentiated tumors?
What is the characteristic of well-differentiated tumors?
- They are always cancerous.
- They are found only in the lymph nodes.
- They resemble normal cells. (correct)
- They are more malignant than undifferentiated tumors.
What is the name of the organization that developed the TNM system of cancer staging?
What is the name of the organization that developed the TNM system of cancer staging?
- International Union against Cancer (correct)
- American Cancer Society
- American Joint Committee on Cancer
- National Cancer Institute
What is the term for the spread of cancer cells through the bloodstream?
What is the term for the spread of cancer cells through the bloodstream?
- Metastasis
- Hematogenous spread (correct)
- Seeding
- Lymphatic spread
What is the term for the spread of cancer cells into a natural body cavity?
What is the term for the spread of cancer cells into a natural body cavity?
What do the 'T', 'N', and 'M' scores indicate in the TNM system of cancer staging?
What do the 'T', 'N', and 'M' scores indicate in the TNM system of cancer staging?
What is a characteristic of teratomas?
What is a characteristic of teratomas?
What is the consequence of chronic inflammation on the functioning units of the tissue?
What is the consequence of chronic inflammation on the functioning units of the tissue?
What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?
What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?
What is the term for the escape of blood or lymph from their proper vessels into surrounding tissues?
What is the term for the escape of blood or lymph from their proper vessels into surrounding tissues?
What is the role of interleukin during calor?
What is the role of interleukin during calor?
What is the term for the migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the affected area?
What is the term for the migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the affected area?
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
What is the advantage of the method described in the first bullet point?
What is the advantage of the method described in the first bullet point?
What is the purpose of moving the two slides in opposite directions in the pull-apart method?
What is the purpose of moving the two slides in opposite directions in the pull-apart method?
What is the advantage of the touch preparation method?
What is the advantage of the touch preparation method?
What happens if tissues are frozen too hard?
What happens if tissues are frozen too hard?
What is the recommended temperature range for the environment during sectioning?
What is the recommended temperature range for the environment during sectioning?
How can a frozen tissue block be softened for sectioning?
How can a frozen tissue block be softened for sectioning?
What is the recommended fixative for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies?
What is the recommended fixative for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies?
Which fixative is best for tissue containing iron granules?
Which fixative is best for tissue containing iron granules?
What is the purpose of adding glacial acetic acid to a fixative solution?
What is the purpose of adding glacial acetic acid to a fixative solution?
Which fixative is known for fixing CT mucin and is recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides?
Which fixative is known for fixing CT mucin and is recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides?
What is the rate of tissue penetration of a fixative?
What is the rate of tissue penetration of a fixative?
What is the purpose of using methyl alcohol as a fixative?
What is the purpose of using methyl alcohol as a fixative?
What type of biopsy involves the complete removal of a lesion?
What type of biopsy involves the complete removal of a lesion?
Who introduced the principle of excisional biopsy in the US?
Who introduced the principle of excisional biopsy in the US?
What is an indication for biopsy?
What is an indication for biopsy?
What type of biopsy is preferred for large situated tumors that cannot be excised?
What type of biopsy is preferred for large situated tumors that cannot be excised?
What is the purpose of exfoliative cytology?
What is the purpose of exfoliative cytology?
Under what type of anesthesia is a biopsy usually performed?
Under what type of anesthesia is a biopsy usually performed?
Study Notes
Cancer and Neoplasia
- Well-differentiated tumors are less malignant than undifferentiated tumors
- Differentiated cells resemble normal cells, while undifferentiated cells resemble a younger form
TNM System of Cancer Staging
- Developed by UICC (International Union against Cancer)
- Stages cancer based on:
- Primary lesion size (T score)
- Lymph node involvement (N score)
- Distant metastasis (M score)
Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms
- Seeding within body cavities (e.g., peritoneal cavity)
- Lymphatic spread (more common for carcinomas, epithelial tumors)
- Hematogenous spread (more common for sarcomas, connective tissue tumors)
Teratomas
- Compound tumors with normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues
- May contain hair, teeth, bones, and rare cases of eyeballs, torso, and hands
Cellular Injury and Death
- 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation:
- Rubor (redness)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
- Functio laesa (diminished function)
Stages of Cellular Injury
- Inflammation: a protective response of tissues to irritation or injury
- Classification of inflammation according to duration:
- Acute
- Chronic
- Subacute
Histopathologic/Cytologic Techniques
- Types of smear preparations:
- Streaking
- Pull-apart
- Touch preparation (impression smear)
- Optimum conditions for sectioning:
- Knife: -40° to -60° C
- Tissue: 5° to -10° C
- Environment: 0° to -10° C
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of cellular injury, death, adaptation, inflammation, and repair in histopathology, including stages of cellular injury and effects of inflammation on tissue function.
