HPCT311: Cellular Injury, Death, and Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of well-differentiated tumors?

They are always cancerous.

They are found only in the lymph nodes.

They resemble normal cells. (correct)

They are more malignant than undifferentiated tumors.

What is the name of the organization that developed the TNM system of cancer staging?

International Union against Cancer (correct)

American Cancer Society

American Joint Committee on Cancer

National Cancer Institute

What is the term for the spread of cancer cells through the bloodstream?

Metastasis

Hematogenous spread (correct)

Seeding

Lymphatic spread

What is the term for the spread of cancer cells into a natural body cavity?

Seeding Signup and view all the answers

What do the 'T', 'N', and 'M' scores indicate in the TNM system of cancer staging?

The extent of lymph node involvement, the size of the primary lesion, and the presence of distant metastasis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of teratomas?

They contain normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of chronic inflammation on the functioning units of the tissue?

Destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?

To protect the body against injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the escape of blood or lymph from their proper vessels into surrounding tissues?

Extravasation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interleukin during calor?

Contributing to heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the affected area?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Dolor, rubor, tumor, calor, functio laesa Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the method described in the first bullet point?

It maintains cellular interrelationships of the material Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of moving the two slides in opposite directions in the pull-apart method?

To initiate the flow of materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the touch preparation method?

It allows cells to be examined without destroying their intercellular relationship Signup and view all the answers

What happens if tissues are frozen too hard?

They chip into fragments when cut Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended temperature range for the environment during sectioning?

0° to -10° C Signup and view all the answers

How can a frozen tissue block be softened for sectioning?

By warming slightly with the finger Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended fixative for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies?

Bouin’s Signup and view all the answers

Which fixative is best for tissue containing iron granules?

Picric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding glacial acetic acid to a fixative solution?

To precipitate nucleoproteins and chromatin Signup and view all the answers

Which fixative is known for fixing CT mucin and is recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides?

Bouin’s Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of tissue penetration of a fixative?

1 mm/hr Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using methyl alcohol as a fixative?

To fix dry and wet smears Signup and view all the answers

What type of biopsy involves the complete removal of a lesion?

Excisional biopsy Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the principle of excisional biopsy in the US?

William Halsted Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication for biopsy?

Any lesion that persists for more than 2 weeks with no apparent etiologic basis Signup and view all the answers

What type of biopsy is preferred for large situated tumors that cannot be excised?

Incisional biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exfoliative cytology?

To diagnose malignant conditions Signup and view all the answers

Under what type of anesthesia is a biopsy usually performed?

Local anesthesia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cancer and Neoplasia

Well-differentiated tumors are less malignant than undifferentiated tumors
Differentiated cells resemble normal cells, while undifferentiated cells resemble a younger form

TNM System of Cancer Staging

Developed by UICC (International Union against Cancer)
Stages cancer based on:
- Primary lesion size (T score)
- Lymph node involvement (N score)
- Distant metastasis (M score)

Manner of Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms

Seeding within body cavities (e.g., peritoneal cavity)
Lymphatic spread (more common for carcinomas, epithelial tumors)
Hematogenous spread (more common for sarcomas, connective tissue tumors)

Teratomas

Compound tumors with normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues
May contain hair, teeth, bones, and rare cases of eyeballs, torso, and hands

Cellular Injury and Death

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation:
- Rubor (redness)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
- Functio laesa (diminished function)

Stages of Cellular Injury

Inflammation: a protective response of tissues to irritation or injury
Classification of inflammation according to duration:
- Acute
- Chronic
- Subacute

Histopathologic/Cytologic Techniques

Types of smear preparations:
- Streaking
- Pull-apart
- Touch preparation (impression smear)
Optimum conditions for sectioning:
- Knife: -40° to -60° C
- Tissue: 5° to -10° C
- Environment: 0° to -10° C

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of cellular injury, death, adaptation, inflammation, and repair in histopathology, including stages of cellular injury and effects of inflammation on tissue function.