32 Questions
What are the multiple functions of the kidneys?
The multiple functions of the kidneys include plasma filtering, hormonal functions, and urine generation, as well as regulation of water, excretion, hormone synthesis, electrolytes balance, acid-base balance, glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, urate, and urine.
What is the mechanism of renal tubular transport?
The lecture describes the mechanisms of renal tubular transport and the glomerular membrane structure.
What is the consequence of damage to nephrons?
Damage to these nephrons can result in kidney failure.
What are the multiple functions of the kidneys?
The kidneys have multiple functions, including H₂O retention, aldosterone and ADH secretion, and production of erythropoietin.
How is GFR estimated?
GFR can be estimated by evaluating urea, creatinine, and electrolyte levels.
What can cause fatal heart rhythms and is often associated with kidney disease?
Abnormal levels of potassium can cause fatal heart rhythms and are often associated with kidney disease.
What is the formula used to calculate GFR and what do the variables represent?
The formula to calculate GFR is [US] x V / [PS], where [US] represents the concentration of a substance in the urine, V represents urine flow rate, and [PS] represents the concentration of the substance in the plasma.
What is the significance of proteinuria in relation to kidney function?
Proteinuria is an indicator of kidney damage.
What are two diagnostic tests that can be used to diagnose kidney diseases?
Ultrasound and renal biopsy are imaging tests that can be used to diagnose kidney diseases.
What is acute kidney injury (AKI)?
AKI is the failure of the kidney to function properly over a period of hours to days.
What are the causes of AKI?
The causes of AKI could be severe vomiting, diarrhea, bladder, prostate and cervical cancer, decreased plasma volume due to blood loss, and other medical conditions.
What are some ways to manage AKI?
Correcting biochemical abnormalities, restoring blood volume, and treating the underlying disease are some ways to manage AKI. In severe cases, dialysis or organ transplant may be needed.
What is chronic kidney disease?
Chronic kidney disease is the progressive irreversible destruction of kidney tissue, defined as either kidney damage or a GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least three months.
What are some causes of proteinuria?
Some causes of proteinuria include glomerular proteinuria, hypo-albuminaemia, oedema and water retention, and more.
What is uremia?
Uremia is the terminal clinical manifestation of kidney failure.
What are some of the clinical biochemistry parameters used to monitor kidney disease?
Urea and electrolytes, estimation of GFR, and the detection of proteinuria.
What is the mortality rate for patients with AKI and non-renal organ system failure in intensive care patients?
50-70%.
What is the importance of using biomarkers alongside clinical presentations?
Biomarkers are useful tools in detecting and forecasting prognosis, however, they also have limitations. It’s essential to use them alongside clinical presentations.
What is the most common histological finding in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
ATN caused by ischaemic or nephrotoxic injury is its most common histological finding.
What is the difference between Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
AKI is a sudden failure of renal function while CKD is a progressive, irreversible destruction of kidney tissue.
What is the risk marker for diabetic nephropathy, lupus erythematosus, and types of kidney diseases?
Microalbuminuria is the risk marker for diabetic nephropathy, lupus erythematosus, and types of kidney diseases.
What is the mortality rate of uncomplicated AKI?
The mortality rate of uncomplicated AKI is 5-10%.
What are the mortality rates of AKI complicating non-renal organ failure in intensive care patients?
AKI complicating non-renal organ failure in intensive care patients is associated with mortality rates of 50-70%.
What is the importance of biochemical monitoring during recovery phases in renal diseases?
Biochemical monitoring during recovery phases is important to monitor changes in biochemical parameters that can correlate with symptoms.
What are the kidneys responsible for?
Plasma filtering and urine generation
What are the functional units of the kidneys?
Nephrons
What are some of the hormonal functions of the kidneys?
Production of calcitriol and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What are some tests used to assess renal function?
Urine and blood tests, glomerular and tubular function assessment
What is the glomerular filtrate?
An ultrafiltrate of plasma
What is the importance of glomerular function?
Maintaining fluid/electrolyte/pH balance
What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) used for?
Measuring kidney function
What is the significance of proteinuria in kidney disease?
Indicates kidney damage and leads to further testing
Study Notes
Renal Disease: Anatomy, Function, and Biochemical Assessment
- The kidneys are a paired organ system responsible for plasma filtering and urine generation.
- Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys and any damage to them can result in kidney failure.
- The kidneys have hormonal functions, including the production of calcitriol (active Vitamin D) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Tests to assess renal function include urine and blood tests, as well as assessment of glomerular and tubular function.
- Urinalysis can be performed using reagent strip "dipstick" testing to detect white blood cells, hemoglobin, glucose, and protein urea.
- Urea and creatinine are commonly used biomarkers to assess renal function, with high levels indicating impaired glomerular function and low levels indicating good glomerular function.
- Potassium levels can also indicate kidney disease, with high levels potentially causing abnormal heart rhythms.
- The glomerular filtrate is an ultrafiltrate of plasma, and adequate glomerular function is important for maintaining fluid/electrolyte/pH balance.
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a widely accepted measure of kidney function, and a decrease in GFR precedes renal failure.
- Proteinuria, or the presence of larger amounts of protein in urine, can indicate kidney damage and lead to further testing.
- Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, isotope scanning, and renal biopsy can also be used to detect renal disease.
- Understanding the anatomy, function, and biochemical assessment of the kidneys is important in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of renal disease.
Test your knowledge on renal disease and kidney function with this informative quiz. Learn about the important role of the kidneys in plasma filtering, hormone regulation, and urine generation. Explore the mechanisms of renal tubular transport and the structure of the glomerular membrane. Get ready to dive into the fascinating world of nephrons and kidney failure.
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