Renal disease 2

The multiple functions of the kidneys include plasma filtering, hormonal functions, and urine generation, as well as regulation of water, excretion, hormone synthesis, electrolytes balance, acid-base balance, glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, urate, and urine.

The lecture describes the mechanisms of renal tubular transport and the glomerular membrane structure.

Damage to these nephrons can result in kidney failure.

<p>The kidneys have multiple functions, including H₂O retention, aldosterone and ADH secretion, and production of erythropoietin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GFR can be estimated by evaluating urea, creatinine, and electrolyte levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal levels of potassium can cause fatal heart rhythms and are often associated with kidney disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formula to calculate GFR is [US] x V / [PS], where [US] represents the concentration of a substance in the urine, V represents urine flow rate, and [PS] represents the concentration of the substance in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteinuria is an indicator of kidney damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound and renal biopsy are imaging tests that can be used to diagnose kidney diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AKI is the failure of the kidney to function properly over a period of hours to days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The causes of AKI could be severe vomiting, diarrhea, bladder, prostate and cervical cancer, decreased plasma volume due to blood loss, and other medical conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correcting biochemical abnormalities, restoring blood volume, and treating the underlying disease are some ways to manage AKI. In severe cases, dialysis or organ transplant may be needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic kidney disease is the progressive irreversible destruction of kidney tissue, defined as either kidney damage or a GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least three months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some causes of proteinuria include glomerular proteinuria, hypo-albuminaemia, oedema and water retention, and more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uremia is the terminal clinical manifestation of kidney failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea and electrolytes, estimation of GFR, and the detection of proteinuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50-70%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biomarkers are useful tools in detecting and forecasting prognosis, however, they also have limitations. It’s essential to use them alongside clinical presentations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATN caused by ischaemic or nephrotoxic injury is its most common histological finding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AKI is a sudden failure of renal function while CKD is a progressive, irreversible destruction of kidney tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microalbuminuria is the risk marker for diabetic nephropathy, lupus erythematosus, and types of kidney diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mortality rate of uncomplicated AKI is 5-10%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AKI complicating non-renal organ failure in intensive care patients is associated with mortality rates of 50-70%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biochemical monitoring during recovery phases is important to monitor changes in biochemical parameters that can correlate with symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma filtering and urine generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of calcitriol and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine and blood tests, glomerular and tubular function assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ultrafiltrate of plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining fluid/electrolyte/pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indicates kidney damage and leads to further testing</p> Signup and view all the answers