Hostage Incident Management Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary objective during a hostage incident?

  • To reduce response times
  • To increase media coverage
  • To gather evidence against the captors
  • To preserve lives (correct)

Which stage of a hostage incident is characterized by the highest emotional peak of the hostage-taker?

  • Resolution Stage
  • Alarm Stage (correct)
  • Crisis Stage
  • Accommodation Stage

Which of the following behaviors is associated with expressive hostage-takers?

  • Strategic planning
  • Controlled responses
  • Criminal intent
  • Hallucinations (correct)

What is a characteristic of the Accommodation Stage in a hostage situation?

<p>Experiencing boredom and moments of terror (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the last concern during a hostage incident?

<p>Arresting the perpetrator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is an initial procedure to handle a hostage incident?

<p>Activate a Critical Incident Management Committee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the Ground Commander during a hostage situation?

<p>Act as the primary negotiator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional state characterizes the Crisis Stage of a hostage incident?

<p>Outrageous demands and unpredictability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility of a negotiator during a hostage incident negotiation?

<p>Encourage a positive outcome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a demand that cannot be provided to a hostage taker?

<p>Media attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a negotiator do in response to demands made by a hostage taker?

<p>Delay the response to demonstrate the challenges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors should be avoided by a negotiator?

<p>Use trigger words that may escalate conflict. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a negotiator maintain a level of rapport with the hostage taker?

<p>By staying on their level and respecting them as humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appropriate strategy during a hostage negotiation?

<p>Keep hostage taker engaged in decision-making. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of successful negotiation in hostage situations?

<p>Development of Stockholm syndrome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Incident Command System is true?

<p>It allows for integrated organizational structures during crises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the Pre-Disaster Stage of disaster management?

<p>Conduct of community organizational work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level indicates a man-made critical incident in disaster management?

<p>Level 4 (Extreme) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the activities conducted during the Disaster Response Stage?

<p>Activation of Disaster Incident Management Task Groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of system is employed for warning during the Disaster Response Stage?

<p>Alarm or warning system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of the Pre-Disaster Stage?

<p>Forced evacuation of residents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the Disaster Response Stage?

<p>Emergency medical services and search and rescue operations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage are disaster-prone areas identified?

<p>Pre-Disaster Stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of conducting community organizational work prior to a disaster?

<p>Enhance community awareness and preparedness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for maintaining a large reserve of troops during civil disturbance operations?

<p>To prevent the necessity of using excessive force. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle should the Ground Commander adhere to when selecting an operational approach to a civil disturbance situation?

<p>Minimum necessary force principle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment is permitted for the CDM contingent during operations?

<p>Rattan stick, shield, Kevlar helmet, and handcuffs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions should be avoided when using batons during civil disturbance management?

<p>Targeting the head and neck. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential operational task during civil disturbance management?

<p>Isolating the area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with arrested protesters?

<p>Restrain and handcuff them for processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of creating the image of a restrained and well-disciplined force during civil disturbance operations?

<p>To restore law and order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stated requirement for CDM personnel during deployments?

<p>There should be trained female personnel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tear gas in civil disturbance management?

<p>To disperse aggressive demonstrators who refuse to leave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following guidelines emphasizes the management of police interaction during public assemblies?

<p>Police units shall not interfere with public assembly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Ground Commander during public assemblies?

<p>To motivate demonstrators to disperse peacefully (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition is the use of tear gas permitted according to the guidelines?

<p>Only when there is an actual or serious threat of violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended distance for positioning the Civil Disturbance Management contingent from a public assembly?

<p>100 meters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the general guidelines for civil disturbance management operations?

<p>Intervention in public gatherings without permits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the planning stage of police responses to public assemblies?

<p>Establishing dialogue with leaders for peaceful assembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is explicitly mentioned as permissible for members of the CDM?

<p>Baton or riot sticks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should police officers do during an initial and peaceful stage if the public assembly is held without a permit?

<p>Inquire if the assembly may be covered by a permit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is advocated when dealing with demonstrators during a civil disturbance?

<p>Maximum tolerance in dealing with demonstrators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the breach of peace stage, what action is taken if harmful objects are thrown at police officers?

<p>Issue an audible warning to participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of tools may be utilized during a violent stage of public assembly to suppress violence?

<p>Non-lethal weapons and water cannons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required action of police if negotiations fail during a public assembly without a permit?

<p>Commence dispersal as a last resort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an acceptable method of controlling crowds according to the guidelines?

<p>Striking individuals with shields (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Ground Commander during a confrontational stage of a public assembly?

<p>Call attention to leaders to prevent disturbances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can the leaders or participants of a public assembly be arrested?

<p>Only if there is a violation of law or ordinance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hostage Incident Priorities

Preserving lives, apprehending captors, and protecting/recovering properties are the key concerns during a hostage situation.

Alarm Stage of Hostage Incident

The most dangerous phase, where the hostage-taker's emotions are high, rational thinking is low, and aggression is common.

Crisis Stage

Following the alarm stage, negotiation starts, with often outrageous demands and unpredictable emotions.

Accommodation Stage

A long, relatively calm phase in a hostage crisis, with boredom and moments of terror, where Stockholm Syndrome is a possibility.

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Instrumental Hostage Taker

A hostage taker motivated by the desire for something, like a specific goal or material payoff.

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Expressive Hostage Taker

A mentally disturbed individual driven by their emotional state, not a rational goal

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Hostage Incident Procedure (POP)

A set of guidelines for handling hostage situations that prioritize security, investigation, and victim safety.

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Critical Incident Management Committee

A team activated immediately to handle critical incidents like hostage situations.

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Hostage Negotiator's Role

Empathize, reassure, and build credibility with the hostage taker. Maintain composure, avoid emotional outbursts, and keep the hostage taker engaged in discussion to reduce stress and encourage positive outcomes.

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Negotiation Mistakes (DON'Ts)

Avoid talking excessively, asking irrelevant questions, arguing, being pushy, using trigger words, being defensive, getting angry, making promises and getting caught in a lie.

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Acceptable Hostage Demands

Hostage takers can reasonably demand necessities like food, water, money, cigarettes, climate control, clothing, and religious items.

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Unacceptable Hostage Demands

Hostage takers should not be given people, weapons, ammunition, drugs, media attention, or vehicles.

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Negotiation Strategies

Delaying responses, requiring something in return, and avoiding immediate concessions can improve the negotiation process and prevent misinterpretations.

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Mediator's Role

A mediator acts as a neutral referee, helping negotiators resolve differences based on knowledge of the complexities of the matter and aiming to achieve a solution.

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Incident Command System (ICS)

A standardized system for managing incidents, providing a structured framework and tools for disaster management and response, from various hazards.

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ICS Incident Types

Natural disasters (typhoons, earthquakes), man-made crises (hostage taking, terrorism), fires, hazardous materials, traffic accidents, and health crises are all potential incidents managed by the system.

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Disaster Management Stage 1

The pre-disaster stage focuses on proactive measures to prepare for potential disasters. This stage is crucial for identifying risks, planning evacuation routes, and conducting drills.

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Disaster Management Stage 2

The disaster response stage is activated when a disaster is imminent or has occurred, demanding immediate action. It involves coordinating responses, evacuations, and providing emergency services.

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Risk Mapping

This process identifies areas most vulnerable to specific disasters based on factors like geographical location, infrastructure, and population density.

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Evacuation Routes

Pre-determined paths for people to safely leave disaster-stricken areas to designated shelters or safe zones.

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Disaster Drills

Rehearsals simulating a disaster to practice response procedures, assess capabilities, and identify areas needing improvement.

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Disaster Incident Management Task Groups

Teams organized to handle specific aspects of disaster response, such as search & rescue, medical aid, and communication.

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Alarm/Warning System

A system used to notify people about imminent disaster threats, often utilizing sirens or other loud signals.

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Forced Relocation

The process of moving residents out of high-risk areas to safer locations, often during imminent disaster threats.

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Public Assembly Planning

The preparatory stage for a public assembly, involving dialogue with organizers and preparation of security plans.

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Peaceful Public Assembly

A gathering with a permit or held in designated areas where police do not interfere but maintain safety.

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Unpermitted Assembly

A gathering without a permit, requiring police intervention to persuade dispersal. CDM contingents may be deployed if negotiations fail.

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Breach of Peace

Escalation during an assembly, where participants become violent or disruptive, prompting police warnings and dispersal.

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Dispersal Tactics

Methods used by police to manage disruptive assemblies, ranging from warnings to water cannons, prioritizing safety and minimizing harm.

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Non-Lethal Weapons

Equipment used to control violence during public assembly, like water cannons and shields, designed to subdue without causing serious injury.

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Leader Accountability

Organizers and participants of an assembly are not automatically arrested during dispersal, except for law violations.

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Violent Stage Response

The use of non-lethal weapons and tactics by police to suppress violence and protect property during an assembly.

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Civil Disturbance Management (CDM)

A specialized police tactic used to control crowds, maintain peace, and prevent violence during public assemblies like demonstrations and marches.

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CDM Contingent

A group of police officers specifically trained and equipped to handle civil disturbances and maintain order.

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Ground Commander

The designated leader of a CDM contingent who oversees operations, manages the situation, and makes critical decisions.

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Slow Dispersal Technique

A method of gradually moving a crowd away from a specific area through non-violent means, like a loudspeaker or warnings.

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Maximum Tolerance

A principle where police officers aim to use minimal force and prioritize peaceful resolution during civil disturbance.

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Tear Gas

A chemical irritant used by law enforcement to disperse crowds and suppress aggressive behavior during a civil disturbance.

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Anti-riot Equipment

Specialized equipment that is designed to maintain order during civil disturbances and protect officers from injuries. Examples include riot sticks, helmets, gas masks, and water cannons.

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When is tear gas allowed?

Tear gas and other riot control measures can only be used when a real or imminent threat of violence or property damage occurs during a protest or public assembly.

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CDM Contingent Commitment

The use of a Civil Disturbance Management (CDM) contingent should be a last resort, employed only when necessary to restore order.

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Minimum Necessary Force Principle

In CDM operations, law enforcement should use the least amount of force required to control the situation and maintain order.

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Image of Restraint

CDM personnel should project an image of control and discipline, avoiding actions that could escalate tensions.

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CDM Equipment

Law enforcement in CDM situations should be equipped with basic gear like rattan sticks, shields, Kevlar helmets, and handcuffs.

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Baton/Truncheon Use

When batons are used, they should only target fleshy areas like arms, torso, legs, and thighs. The head, neck, and joints should be avoided.

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Arrested Protester Handling

Arrested protesters should be restrained, handcuffed, and transported safely to the police station for processing.

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Female CDM Personnel

CDM deployment teams should include trained and equipped female personnel to address potential needs and sensitivities.

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Isolate and Secure in CDM

During a CDM operation, the key initial actions are to isolate the disturbance area and secure any potential targets.

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Study Notes

Priorities During Hostage Incident

  • Preserve lives
  • Apprehend captors
  • Recover/protect properties

Stages of Hostage Incident

  • Alarm Stage: Most traumatic and dangerous stage. Hostage taker's emotions are high, rational thought is low. May be aggressive toward perceived threats.
  • Crisis Stage: Negotiation begins. Demands are outrageous, emotions are unpredictable.
  • Accommodation Stage: A period of boredom and moments of terror. Stockholm syndrome may occur between captors and victims, with a prolonged and tense or tranquil state.
  • Resolution Stage: Hostage taker is stressed/fatigued. Loss of interest in the situation. Low tension between hostages, taker, and negotiator.

Types of Hostage Taker

  • Instrumental: Criminal type
  • Expressive: Emotionally disturbed individuals (e.g., mentally disturbed, psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, paranoia)

Procedures on Hostage Incident/Barricaded Situations

  • Activate a Critical Incident Management Committee immediately.
  • Secure and isolate the incident scene.
  • Secure the stronghold.
  • Control communications and cut off other lines (e.g., electricity, and water).
  • Do not allow unauthorized entry/exit.
  • Document witness information.
  • Evacuate victims/injured.
  • Arrest the perpetrator is last concern.
  • Debrief after the incident.

Types of Plans

  • Emergency Response Plan: Depends on the threat.
  • Breakout Plan: Contingencies for a breakout.
  • Delivery Plan: Plans for unexpected changes in the hostage taker's intentions.
  • Surrender Plan: Safeguarding the lives of hostages.
  • Hostage Reception/Release: Procedures for securing released hostages.
  • Collection Plan: Prioritizes the safety of police personnel.

Coordination

  • Proper coordination among all involved parties ensures consolidated crisis resolution efforts.

Safety of Hostages

  • Hostage safety is paramount during negotiations.

Approaches in Hostage Negotiation

  • Bargaining: Resource-based exchange.
  • Expressive: Focuses on the hostage taker's emotional state.
  • Communication-based: Interactive assessment.

Guidelines During Negotiations

  • Establish and contain the situation first before negotiating.
  • Gather all relevant tools and information to strengthen the negotiator's position.
  • Avoid introducing outsiders unless necessary.
  • Employ a mediator if the negotiator is in deadlock.
  • Ensure the correct personnel is involved (e.g. trained police officers).

Procedures During Face-to-Face Negotiation

  • Don't be overanxious, wear body armor, and have backup (e.g., sniper).
  • Look for traps, manage distance, and observe movements.
  • Maintain proper distance and observe movements.

Effect of Time in Hostage Incident

  • Longer negotiations can exhaust the hostage taker and increase rationality.
  • Demands for resources increase.
  • Anxiety lessens as hostages become less anxious.
  • Relationships between the negotiator and hostage taker become established.

Do's/Don'ts During Hostage Negotiation

  • Do's: Empathetic, reassuring negotiator. Control emotions, keep hostage talking, keep hostage in decision-making mode. Encourage positive outcome. Talk at their level, empathize with hostage.
  • Don'ts: Talk too much, argue, be pushy, use trigger words, be defensive, get angry, make promises, get caught in a lie.

Demands for Hostages

  • Food and water, money, cigarettes, climate control, clothing, and religious materials.

Demands that cannot be offered

  • People, weapons, ammunition, medication/drugs, media attention, vehicles.

Rules in responding t to the hostage taker's demands

  • Delay response, get something in return, avoid concessions initially.

Negotiation through Mediator

  • Mediator facilitates resolution by acting as a neutral intermediary.

The Incident Command System

  • Standardized, on-scene, all hazard concept.
  • Allows for integrated organizational structure.
  • Activated during emergencies/disasters.
  • Used in natural (e.g., typhoon, earthquakes) and man-made crises (e.g., hostage taking, terrorism).

Management characteristics of Incident Command System

  • Common terminology, modular organization, management by objectives, incident action plan, span of control, incident facilities and location, resource managemnt, integrated communication, establishment and transfer of command, chain of command, accountability, dispatch/deployment, information and intelligence management.

Alert Level for Human-Induced Crises

  • Low (1): No information of potential crisis
  • Moderate (2): Possible but unlikely.
  • High (3): Strong possibility of crisis.
  • Extreme: Crisis has happened or is imminent

Stages in Disaster Management

  • Pre-Disaster: Proactive assessment, conduct of risk mapping, identification of disaster prone areas, conduct of drills, simulation exercises, and training.

Policies During Rallies and Demonstrations

  • Respect human dignity, protect human rights.
  • Limit force; only use when necessary.
  • No permit necessary for public assembly in parks or private property, except if in a public place.
  • Police assistance only when requested.
  • Hold public assembly with valid permits; if violated, disperse peacefully.

Guidelines for Civil Disturbance Management

  • Police units don't interfere with public assembly.
  • Designated personnel (e.g., police captain or higher) positioned at least 100 meters from the area.
  • Negotiate for voluntary dispersal; arrest only if dispersal fails.
  • Strict protocols for arrest and questioning.

CDM Contingent Personnel

  • Prescribed uniform, baton, riot sticks, shields, helmets, gas masks, and appropriate protective gear.
  • Do not use firearms unless absolutely necessary
  • Control and handcuff protesters using appropriate techniques.

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Description

This quiz covers the critical priorities and stages during a hostage incident, including various types of hostage takers and the appropriate management procedures. Test your knowledge on the complexities of negotiation and crisis resolution tactics in these high-stakes situations.

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