Hostage Incident Management Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary objective during a hostage incident?

To reduce response times

To increase media coverage

To gather evidence against the captors

To preserve lives (correct)

Which stage of a hostage incident is characterized by the highest emotional peak of the hostage-taker?

Resolution Stage

Alarm Stage (correct)

Crisis Stage

Accommodation Stage

Which of the following behaviors is associated with expressive hostage-takers?

Strategic planning

Controlled responses

Criminal intent

Hallucinations (correct)

What is a characteristic of the Accommodation Stage in a hostage situation?

Experiencing boredom and moments of terror Signup and view all the answers

What should be the last concern during a hostage incident?

Arresting the perpetrator Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is an initial procedure to handle a hostage incident?

Activate a Critical Incident Management Committee Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the Ground Commander during a hostage situation?

Act as the primary negotiator Signup and view all the answers

What emotional state characterizes the Crisis Stage of a hostage incident?

Outrageous demands and unpredictability Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility of a negotiator during a hostage incident negotiation?

Encourage a positive outcome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a demand that cannot be provided to a hostage taker?

Media attention Signup and view all the answers

What should a negotiator do in response to demands made by a hostage taker?

Delay the response to demonstrate the challenges. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors should be avoided by a negotiator?

Use trigger words that may escalate conflict. Signup and view all the answers

How can a negotiator maintain a level of rapport with the hostage taker?

By staying on their level and respecting them as humans. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appropriate strategy during a hostage negotiation?

Keep hostage taker engaged in decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of successful negotiation in hostage situations?

Development of Stockholm syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Incident Command System is true?

It allows for integrated organizational structures during crises. Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the Pre-Disaster Stage of disaster management?

Conduct of community organizational work Signup and view all the answers

Which level indicates a man-made critical incident in disaster management?

Level 4 (Extreme) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the activities conducted during the Disaster Response Stage?

Activation of Disaster Incident Management Task Groups Signup and view all the answers

What type of system is employed for warning during the Disaster Response Stage?

Alarm or warning system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of the Pre-Disaster Stage?

Forced evacuation of residents Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the Disaster Response Stage?

Emergency medical services and search and rescue operations Signup and view all the answers

In which stage are disaster-prone areas identified?

Pre-Disaster Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of conducting community organizational work prior to a disaster?

Enhance community awareness and preparedness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for maintaining a large reserve of troops during civil disturbance operations?

To prevent the necessity of using excessive force. Signup and view all the answers

What principle should the Ground Commander adhere to when selecting an operational approach to a civil disturbance situation?

Minimum necessary force principle. Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment is permitted for the CDM contingent during operations?

Rattan stick, shield, Kevlar helmet, and handcuffs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions should be avoided when using batons during civil disturbance management?

Targeting the head and neck. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential operational task during civil disturbance management?

Isolating the area. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with arrested protesters?

Restrain and handcuff them for processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of creating the image of a restrained and well-disciplined force during civil disturbance operations?

To restore law and order. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stated requirement for CDM personnel during deployments?

There should be trained female personnel. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tear gas in civil disturbance management?

To disperse aggressive demonstrators who refuse to leave Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following guidelines emphasizes the management of police interaction during public assemblies?

Police units shall not interfere with public assembly Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Ground Commander during public assemblies?

To motivate demonstrators to disperse peacefully Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition is the use of tear gas permitted according to the guidelines?

Only when there is an actual or serious threat of violence Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended distance for positioning the Civil Disturbance Management contingent from a public assembly?

100 meters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the general guidelines for civil disturbance management operations?

Intervention in public gatherings without permits Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the planning stage of police responses to public assemblies?

Establishing dialogue with leaders for peaceful assembly Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is explicitly mentioned as permissible for members of the CDM?

Baton or riot sticks Signup and view all the answers

What should police officers do during an initial and peaceful stage if the public assembly is held without a permit?

Inquire if the assembly may be covered by a permit Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is advocated when dealing with demonstrators during a civil disturbance?

Maximum tolerance in dealing with demonstrators Signup and view all the answers

In the breach of peace stage, what action is taken if harmful objects are thrown at police officers?

Issue an audible warning to participants Signup and view all the answers

What types of tools may be utilized during a violent stage of public assembly to suppress violence?

Non-lethal weapons and water cannons Signup and view all the answers

What is the required action of police if negotiations fail during a public assembly without a permit?

Commence dispersal as a last resort Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an acceptable method of controlling crowds according to the guidelines?

Striking individuals with shields Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Ground Commander during a confrontational stage of a public assembly?

Call attention to leaders to prevent disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can the leaders or participants of a public assembly be arrested?

Only if there is a violation of law or ordinance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Priorities During Hostage Incident

Preserve lives
Apprehend captors
Recover/protect properties

Stages of Hostage Incident

Alarm Stage: Most traumatic and dangerous stage. Hostage taker's emotions are high, rational thought is low. May be aggressive toward perceived threats.
Crisis Stage: Negotiation begins. Demands are outrageous, emotions are unpredictable.
Accommodation Stage: A period of boredom and moments of terror. Stockholm syndrome may occur between captors and victims, with a prolonged and tense or tranquil state.
Resolution Stage: Hostage taker is stressed/fatigued. Loss of interest in the situation. Low tension between hostages, taker, and negotiator.

Types of Hostage Taker

Instrumental: Criminal type
Expressive: Emotionally disturbed individuals (e.g., mentally disturbed, psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, paranoia)

Procedures on Hostage Incident/Barricaded Situations

Activate a Critical Incident Management Committee immediately.
Secure and isolate the incident scene.
Secure the stronghold.
Control communications and cut off other lines (e.g., electricity, and water).
Do not allow unauthorized entry/exit.
Document witness information.
Evacuate victims/injured.
Arrest the perpetrator is last concern.
Debrief after the incident.

Types of Plans

Emergency Response Plan: Depends on the threat.
Breakout Plan: Contingencies for a breakout.
Delivery Plan: Plans for unexpected changes in the hostage taker's intentions.
Surrender Plan: Safeguarding the lives of hostages.
Hostage Reception/Release: Procedures for securing released hostages.
Collection Plan: Prioritizes the safety of police personnel.

Coordination

Proper coordination among all involved parties ensures consolidated crisis resolution efforts.

Safety of Hostages

Hostage safety is paramount during negotiations.

Approaches in Hostage Negotiation

Bargaining: Resource-based exchange.
Expressive: Focuses on the hostage taker's emotional state.
Communication-based: Interactive assessment.

Guidelines During Negotiations

Establish and contain the situation first before negotiating.
Gather all relevant tools and information to strengthen the negotiator's position.
Avoid introducing outsiders unless necessary.
Employ a mediator if the negotiator is in deadlock.
Ensure the correct personnel is involved (e.g. trained police officers).

Procedures During Face-to-Face Negotiation

Don't be overanxious, wear body armor, and have backup (e.g., sniper).
Look for traps, manage distance, and observe movements.
Maintain proper distance and observe movements.

Effect of Time in Hostage Incident

Longer negotiations can exhaust the hostage taker and increase rationality.
Demands for resources increase.
Anxiety lessens as hostages become less anxious.
Relationships between the negotiator and hostage taker become established.

Do's/Don'ts During Hostage Negotiation

Do's: Empathetic, reassuring negotiator. Control emotions, keep hostage talking, keep hostage in decision-making mode. Encourage positive outcome. Talk at their level, empathize with hostage.
Don'ts: Talk too much, argue, be pushy, use trigger words, be defensive, get angry, make promises, get caught in a lie.

Demands for Hostages

Food and water, money, cigarettes, climate control, clothing, and religious materials.

Demands that cannot be offered

People, weapons, ammunition, medication/drugs, media attention, vehicles.

Rules in responding t to the hostage taker's demands

Delay response, get something in return, avoid concessions initially.

Negotiation through Mediator

Mediator facilitates resolution by acting as a neutral intermediary.

The Incident Command System

Standardized, on-scene, all hazard concept.
Allows for integrated organizational structure.
Activated during emergencies/disasters.
Used in natural (e.g., typhoon, earthquakes) and man-made crises (e.g., hostage taking, terrorism).

Management characteristics of Incident Command System

Common terminology, modular organization, management by objectives, incident action plan, span of control, incident facilities and location, resource managemnt, integrated communication, establishment and transfer of command, chain of command, accountability, dispatch/deployment, information and intelligence management.

Alert Level for Human-Induced Crises

Low (1): No information of potential crisis
Moderate (2): Possible but unlikely.
High (3): Strong possibility of crisis.
Extreme: Crisis has happened or is imminent

Stages in Disaster Management

Pre-Disaster: Proactive assessment, conduct of risk mapping, identification of disaster prone areas, conduct of drills, simulation exercises, and training.

Policies During Rallies and Demonstrations

Respect human dignity, protect human rights.
Limit force; only use when necessary.
No permit necessary for public assembly in parks or private property, except if in a public place.
Police assistance only when requested.
Hold public assembly with valid permits; if violated, disperse peacefully.

Guidelines for Civil Disturbance Management

Police units don't interfere with public assembly.
Designated personnel (e.g., police captain or higher) positioned at least 100 meters from the area.
Negotiate for voluntary dispersal; arrest only if dispersal fails.
Strict protocols for arrest and questioning.

CDM Contingent Personnel

Prescribed uniform, baton, riot sticks, shields, helmets, gas masks, and appropriate protective gear.
Do not use firearms unless absolutely necessary
Control and handcuff protesters using appropriate techniques.

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Description

This quiz covers the critical priorities and stages during a hostage incident, including various types of hostage takers and the appropriate management procedures. Test your knowledge on the complexities of negotiation and crisis resolution tactics in these high-stakes situations.