Untitled Quiz

The range of hosts that a parasite can infect.

Parasites that can infect a wide range of species.

Parasites that can only infect a few specific species.

Host specificity that varies between different life stages of a parasite.

Factors that determine a parasite's host range.

The shape and size of the host's intestine can prevent a parasite from establishing itself.

The chemical composition of the host's body can determine if a parasite can survive.

The food available in the host can influence a parasite's survival.

Protozoa living outside host cells are vulnerable to immune responses like antibodies and phagocytosis.

Protozoa living inside host cells are protected from direct attack by humoral immunity.

Helminths are multicellular organisms with a less direct relationship with host tissues compared to protozoa.

Helminths are often extracellular and don't reproduce quickly within the host, making them harder to target by the immune system.

Helminths living in the gut are not directly exposed to host tissues, making immune targeting difficult.

The immune system often targets helminths for slow, long-term destruction rather than immediate killing.

The gut lining must become permeable to antibodies to reach helminths, often with increased mucus production.

Excess mucus production due to immune response can benefit some helminths by serving as their food source.

A group of proteins circulating in the blood, which work together to activate the immune system. They are part of the innate immune response, which acts as the first line of defense against infections.

Small signaling molecules produced by cells that help to regulate the immune response. They communicate between different immune cells, activating and directing them.

A special kind of cytokine that attract cells towards each other.

The immune response that is specific to a particular pathogen, meaning it targets specific molecules on the pathogen.

The faster and stronger response that occurs when an animal is exposed to the same pathogen for a second or subsequent time. It relies on the memory of the previous encounter to eliminate the pathogen more efficiently.

A foreign molecule that is recognized by the body as a threat and triggers the immune response.

Cells that present antigens to the immune system, triggering the adaptive immune response. They act like messengers to present the threat to the immune cells.

The branch of the immune system mediated by T-lymphocytes, targeting infected cells and eliminating them directly.

The branch of the immune response mediated by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, producing antibodies to neutralize the pathogen.

A condition where a decrease in red blood cell production leads to lower levels of oxygen in the blood.

A condition where bone growth is impaired, often leading to weakened or misshapen bones.

A type of bone dystrophy where soft bones fail to harden properly, leading to deformities. It's commonly caused by vitamin D deficiency.

A condition where the immune system fails to function properly, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.

When multiple parasite species infect the same host.

The absence of enough of the vitamins and minerals the body needs, making it difficult for the animal to regain strength.

The parasite can absorb up to 20% of the animal's food, making it harder to gain weight.

The parasite can damage the lining of the animal's gut, making it difficult to absorb nutrients.

The parasite can cause the animal to lose blood, which contains important nutrients.

The parasite can cause the animal to lose appetite because it feels sick.

The parasite can block the digestive system, preventing food from being absorbed.

The parasite can cause an imbalance in the animal's nutrient levels, making it impossible to use the food it eats.

A general state of fatigue and weakness often associated with weight loss due to parasitic infection.

Factors that increase the susceptibility of animals to parasites, making them more vulnerable to infections.

Factors that lead to increased parasite numbers in a population, leading to a higher risk of infection.

The process of being exposed to parasites that are new to the animal's evolutionary history, leaving them with no natural immunity.

When animals are prevented from exhibiting natural behaviors that help them avoid or fight off parasites, making them more vulnerable.

The practice of selectively breeding animals for desired traits that may come at the cost of their natural resistance to infection.

The phenomenon where animals with reduced genetic diversity due to breeding are more prone to certain parasites.

The increase in parasite numbers due to high host density, as more hosts mean a higher parasite output.

The introduction of infected animals into a parasite-free area, causing the spread of infection to new hosts.