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Questions and Answers
What type of parasite causes changes in stickleback behavior?
Which type of parasite lays its eggs to be eaten by birds before ending up in sticklebacks?
What is the difference between a parasite-host interaction and a predator-prey interaction?
What is the optimal virulence in the context of parasite behavior?
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What distinguishes parasitoids from parasites?
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What is the main feature of parasite-host interactions that leads to specialist and co-evolution interactions?
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What is the relationship between virulence and the mode of disease transmission?
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What is the implication of horizontal transmission on the virulence of a disease?
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What is the trade-off between resistance and fecundity?
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What does continuous frequency-dependent selection imply?
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What is the implication of Daphnia getting infected by parasites from both past and future soil?
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What is the impact of different water chemistries on three spine sticklebacks in lochs?
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What is the main idea of the text?
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Which term refers to the additional mortality a parasite adds to the host?
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What was released to control rabbit populations in some areas?
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Why was myxomatosis bred to be as virulent as possible?
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What is the main vector of myxomatosis in the UK and France?
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What is R0 in the context of parasites?
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What does the recovery rate (V) decrease with in myxomatosis?
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What does the transmission rate (B) increase with in myxomatosis?
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What is the trade-off mentioned in the text?
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What do fig wasps lay eggs in?
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What type of diseases use a vector for transmission?
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What does R0 need to be for an infection to spread within a population?
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Study Notes
Parasites and Behavior Changes
- The parasite causing changes in stickleback behavior is a type of brain parasite, specifically a castrating trematode.
- The parasite that lays eggs to be eaten by birds, which then end up in sticklebacks, is known as a trematode, often referred to as the “manipulative parasite.”
Parasite-Host vs Predator-Prey Interactions
- Parasite-host interactions involve a long-term relationship where the parasite benefits at the host's expense, while host often survives.
- Predator-prey interactions typically result in the prey's death, with the predator benefiting from the consumption of the prey.
Optimal Virulence
- Optimal virulence refers to the level of harm a parasite inflicts on its host that maximizes its transmission potential without killing the host prematurely.
Distinction Between Parasitoids and Parasites
- Parasitoids are organisms that ultimately kill their host as part of their life cycle, contrasting with traditional parasites that usually keep their host alive.
Specialist and Co-evolution Interactions
- The main feature of parasite-host interactions contributing to specialization and co-evolution is the dynamic evolutionary pressure exerted by the host's immune responses on the parasite's development.
Virulence and Disease Transmission
- Generally, there is an inverse relationship between virulence and mode of transmission; highly virulent parasites often rely on direct contact for transmission, while less virulent ones may utilize other modes.
Horizontal Transmission Impacts
- Horizontal transmission can lead to increased virulence in a disease, as the pathogen can infect multiple hosts more readily without the risk of killing them quickly.
Resistance vs Fecundity Trade-off
- The trade-off between resistance and fecundity suggests that increased resistance to parasites may come at the cost of reduced reproductive success or fewer offspring.
Continuous Frequency-Dependent Selection
- Continuous frequency-dependent selection implies that the success of a particular trait or genotypic expression in a population changes depending on its frequency relative to other traits in that population.
Daphnia and Soil Infection
- Daphnia infected by parasites from both past and future soil suggests that historical and contemporary environmental factors can influence the dynamics of parasitic infections.
Water Chemistry and Sticklebacks
- Different water chemistries impact the health, behavior, and survival of three-spine sticklebacks, influencing their susceptibility to parasites and predators.
Additional Mortality from Parasites
- The term referring to the additional mortality a parasite adds to the host is "virulence."
Control of Rabbit Populations
- The myxomatosis virus was released to control rabbit populations in several regions, drastically reducing numbers.
Virulence of Myxomatosis
- Myxomatosis was bred to be highly virulent to effectively reduce the rabbit population through high mortality rates.
Myxomatosis Vectors
- The main vector of myxomatosis in the UK and France is the mosquito, particularly species of the genus Siphonaptera.
R0 in Parasites
- R0, or the basic reproduction number, indicates the average number of secondary infections produced by one infected individual in a fully susceptible population.
Recovery Rate in Myxomatosis
- In myxomatosis, the recovery rate (V) decreases with the increase in virulence, leading to higher fatality.
Transmission Rate in Myxomatosis
- The transmission rate (B) increases with higher population density or contact rates among rabbits.
Trade-offs Highlighted
- The trade-off mentioned includes the balance between a parasite's ability to infect and its potential virulence, affecting transmission strategies.
Fig Wasps
- Fig wasps lay their eggs inside the receptacle of fig fruits, providing a unique niche for their larvae.
Vector Diseases
- Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue, require a specific vector organism (like mosquitoes) for transmission.
R0 and Infection Spread
- R0 must be greater than 1 for an infection to spread within a population, indicating each infected host must infect more than one new host on average.
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Description
Test your knowledge about complex life cycles, host-parasite interactions, and the behavior changes caused by parasites. Explore topics like ectoparasites, intracellular parasites, and the broad range of host-parasite interactions.
