Host-Parasite Interactions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of parasite causes changes in stickleback behavior?

  • Intracellular parasites
  • Viruses
  • Schistocephalus (correct)
  • Ectoparasites

    • Which type of parasite lays its eggs to be eaten by birds before ending up in sticklebacks?

  • Ectoparasites
  • Schistocephalus (correct)
  • Viruses
  • Intracellular parasites

    • What is the difference between a parasite-host interaction and a predator-prey interaction?

  • Parasite-host interactions involve co-evolution, while predator-prey interactions do not (correct)
  • Predator-prey interactions involve a long association, while parasite-host interactions do not
  • Predators kill their prey before reproduction, while parasites reproduce before killing their hosts
  • Parasites intend to kill their hosts, while predators do not intend to kill their prey

    • What is the optimal virulence in the context of parasite behavior?

    <p>Killing the host quickly after infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes parasitoids from parasites?

    <p>Parasitoids do not reproduce before killing their host, while parasites do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of parasite-host interactions that leads to specialist and co-evolution interactions?

    <p>The long-term association between parasites and hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between virulence and the mode of disease transmission?

    <p>Vector-borne diseases are more virulent due to the size of the inoculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of horizontal transmission on the virulence of a disease?

    <p>Horizontal transmission favors increased virulence as the host doesn't have to live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off between resistance and fecundity?

    <p>As resistance increases, fecundity decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does continuous frequency-dependent selection imply?

    <p>Common genotypes are more heavily infected by parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of Daphnia getting infected by parasites from both past and future soil?

    <p>The parasite exploits Daphnia that are here now and not from the past or future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of different water chemistries on three spine sticklebacks in lochs?

    <p>The sticklebacks are very different in lochs with varying water chemistries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of the text?

    <p>The balance between parasite virulence and transmission rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the additional mortality a parasite adds to the host?

    <p>Virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was released to control rabbit populations in some areas?

    <p>Myxomatosis virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was myxomatosis bred to be as virulent as possible?

    <p>To control rabbit populations more effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main vector of myxomatosis in the UK and France?

    <p>Rabbit flea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is R0 in the context of parasites?

    <p>The rate at which new cases are created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the recovery rate (V) decrease with in myxomatosis?

    <p>Decreased virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the transmission rate (B) increase with in myxomatosis?

    <p>Increased virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off mentioned in the text?

    <p>Between virulence and transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do fig wasps lay eggs in?

    <p>Figs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diseases use a vector for transmission?

    <p>Vector-borne diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does R0 need to be for an infection to spread within a population?

    <p>Above 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parasites and Behavior Changes

    • The parasite causing changes in stickleback behavior is a type of brain parasite, specifically a castrating trematode.
    • The parasite that lays eggs to be eaten by birds, which then end up in sticklebacks, is known as a trematode, often referred to as the “manipulative parasite.”

    Parasite-Host vs Predator-Prey Interactions

    • Parasite-host interactions involve a long-term relationship where the parasite benefits at the host's expense, while host often survives.
    • Predator-prey interactions typically result in the prey's death, with the predator benefiting from the consumption of the prey.

    Optimal Virulence

    • Optimal virulence refers to the level of harm a parasite inflicts on its host that maximizes its transmission potential without killing the host prematurely.

    Distinction Between Parasitoids and Parasites

    • Parasitoids are organisms that ultimately kill their host as part of their life cycle, contrasting with traditional parasites that usually keep their host alive.

    Specialist and Co-evolution Interactions

    • The main feature of parasite-host interactions contributing to specialization and co-evolution is the dynamic evolutionary pressure exerted by the host's immune responses on the parasite's development.

    Virulence and Disease Transmission

    • Generally, there is an inverse relationship between virulence and mode of transmission; highly virulent parasites often rely on direct contact for transmission, while less virulent ones may utilize other modes.

    Horizontal Transmission Impacts

    • Horizontal transmission can lead to increased virulence in a disease, as the pathogen can infect multiple hosts more readily without the risk of killing them quickly.

    Resistance vs Fecundity Trade-off

    • The trade-off between resistance and fecundity suggests that increased resistance to parasites may come at the cost of reduced reproductive success or fewer offspring.

    Continuous Frequency-Dependent Selection

    • Continuous frequency-dependent selection implies that the success of a particular trait or genotypic expression in a population changes depending on its frequency relative to other traits in that population.

    Daphnia and Soil Infection

    • Daphnia infected by parasites from both past and future soil suggests that historical and contemporary environmental factors can influence the dynamics of parasitic infections.

    Water Chemistry and Sticklebacks

    • Different water chemistries impact the health, behavior, and survival of three-spine sticklebacks, influencing their susceptibility to parasites and predators.

    Additional Mortality from Parasites

    • The term referring to the additional mortality a parasite adds to the host is "virulence."

    Control of Rabbit Populations

    • The myxomatosis virus was released to control rabbit populations in several regions, drastically reducing numbers.

    Virulence of Myxomatosis

    • Myxomatosis was bred to be highly virulent to effectively reduce the rabbit population through high mortality rates.

    Myxomatosis Vectors

    • The main vector of myxomatosis in the UK and France is the mosquito, particularly species of the genus Siphonaptera.

    R0 in Parasites

    • R0, or the basic reproduction number, indicates the average number of secondary infections produced by one infected individual in a fully susceptible population.

    Recovery Rate in Myxomatosis

    • In myxomatosis, the recovery rate (V) decreases with the increase in virulence, leading to higher fatality.

    Transmission Rate in Myxomatosis

    • The transmission rate (B) increases with higher population density or contact rates among rabbits.

    Trade-offs Highlighted

    • The trade-off mentioned includes the balance between a parasite's ability to infect and its potential virulence, affecting transmission strategies.

    Fig Wasps

    • Fig wasps lay their eggs inside the receptacle of fig fruits, providing a unique niche for their larvae.

    Vector Diseases

    • Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue, require a specific vector organism (like mosquitoes) for transmission.

    R0 and Infection Spread

    • R0 must be greater than 1 for an infection to spread within a population, indicating each infected host must infect more than one new host on average.

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    Related Documents

    Host-Parasite Interactions PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about complex life cycles, host-parasite interactions, and the behavior changes caused by parasites. Explore topics like ectoparasites, intracellular parasites, and the broad range of host-parasite interactions.

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