Hormones and Their Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Where are hormones secreted into?

  • Blood stream (correct)
  • Lymphatic system
  • Digestive system
  • Nervous system

    • What do hormones regulate?

  • Muscular functions
  • Neuronal functions
  • Digestive functions
  • Metabolic functions of the target cells (correct)

    • Where do hormones act?

  • Exclusively on endocrine glands
  • On the cells of organs and tissues with hormone receptors (correct)
  • On the cells of the nervous system
  • On the cells of the lymphatic system

    • What is the main characteristic of the paracrine way of chemical influence on cells?

    <p>Localized effects on nearby cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormones travel in the endocrine way?

    <p>Through the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the autocrine way of chemical influence on cells?

    <p>Cells produce chemicals that act on themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do hormones in the endocrine way have their effects?

    <p>On distant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormones travel in the endocrine way?

    <p>Through the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the autocrine way of chemical influence on cells?

    <p>Cells produce chemicals that act on themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action for hormones in the endocrine way?

    <p>Widespread effects on distant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prolonged exposure to some hormones do to target cells?

    <p>Desensitize the target cells, leading to decreased tissue response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does continuous release of hypothalamic GnRH affect pituitary gonadotrops?

    <p>Desensitizes the pituitary gonadotrops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of receptors in target cells when sensitization occurs?

    <p>Increases in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of GnRH on pituitary gonadotrops?

    <p>Desensitization leading to less release of LH &amp; FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are membrane receptors located?

    <p>On the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones do nuclear receptors for steroid & thyroid hormones bind?

    <p>Lipid-soluble hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nuclear receptors for steroid & thyroid hormones?

    <p>Regulate gene expression and impact cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the messenger cascade?

    <p>It produces multiple signals with one effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the transducer complex

    <p>It produces one signal with multiple effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cooperative action of hormones that amplifies the overall response?

    <p>Synergetic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes when one hormone enables the effect of another hormone?

    <p>Permissive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the action of hormones that act independently and simply add up their effects?

    <p>Additive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classification of hormones according to their chemical structure

    <p>Peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in the hormonal axes?

    <p>Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bones when blood calcium levels increase?

    <p>Increases calcium release from bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect calcium reabsorption in the kidneys when blood calcium levels rise?

    <p>Enhances calcium reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in relation to the production of calcitriol (active vitamin D) when blood calcium levels rise?

    <p>Stimulates production of calcitriol (active vitamin D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcitonin in response to decreased blood calcium levels?

    <p>Inhibits calcium release from bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thyroid gland in regulating blood calcium levels?

    <p>Release calcitonin to inhibit calcium release from bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic cell type produces somatostatin?

    <p>D (δ) Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by B (β) cells?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone produced by F cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels?

    <p>Raises blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of glucagon on glycogen in the liver?

    <p>Promoting the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is somatostatin primarily produced?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of somatostatin on the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Inhibits release of gastrointestinal hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)?

    <p>Inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) in pancreatic hormone regulation?

    <p>Inhibits pancreatic hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) have on the release of insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) on insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Inhibits their release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in response to low blood pressure, low blood volume, or low sodium levels?

    <p>Release of renin by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions typically trigger the activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Low blood pressure, low blood volume, or low sodium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ releases an enzyme that activates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin system?

    <p>It converts angiotensin I into its active form, angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is angiotensinogen, the protein acted upon by renin, primarily produced?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of angiotensin II in the body?

    <p>It causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in the kidneys?

    <p>Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased blood volume and pressure due to aldosterone function?

    <p>Inhibits the release of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

    <p>Elevated blood volume/pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) on blood vessels?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) inhibit the release of?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit?

    <p>Regulating hormone release by the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are primarily regulated by the hypothalamo-pituitary unit?

    <p>Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit in hormone regulation?

    <p>Acting as the master regulator of hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Stimulating or inhibiting the pituitary to release corresponding hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland primarily releases growth hormone (GH)?

    <p>Anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of growth hormone (GH) release?

    <p>Promoting growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of prolactin (PRL) in the endocrine system?

    <p>Promotes lactation and breast development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is prolactin (PRL) regulated in the body?

    <p>Inhibited all the time by dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does prolactin (PRL) have on gonadotropin release?

    <p>Inhibits gonadotropin release (LH and FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of growth hormone (GH) in muscle and lipid cells?

    <p>Anabolic effects in muscle and catabolic effects in lipid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily stimulates the release of Ghrelin by the stomach?

    <p>Fasting and caloric deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the effects of growth hormone (GH) primarily mediated?

    <p>Via insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Storing and releasing neurotransmitters made by the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone enhances smooth muscle contraction in the wall of the uterus and stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does oxytocin primarily enhance smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxytocin in the endocrine system?

    <p>Enhances smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and stimulates milk ejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of vasopressin on the kidneys?

    <p>Promoting water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vasopressin affect blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vasopressin in reducing water loss?

    <p>It reduces water loss through sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily stimulates ADH secretion?

    <p>Increase in ECF osmolarity by 1–2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can activate Angiotensin II (Ang II) leading to ADH secretion?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can stimulate ADH secretion?

    <p>Increased body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

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