Hormones and the Pituitary Gland

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)?

Promotes growth and development of the body (correct)

Regulates metabolic reactions

Stimulates thyroid hormone production

Regulates water and electrolyte balance

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (correct)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which hormones are secreted by the pars distalis of the pituitary gland?

Growth hormone (GH) and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (correct)

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and Oxytocin

Insulin and Glucagon

Melatonin and Aldosterone

What role does T3 and T4 produced by the thyroid gland play?

Regulate basal metabolic rate (BMR) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland secretes melatonin, and what is its primary function?

Pineal gland; regulates diurnal rhythm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thymus gland?

Increase production of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex to support gluconeogenesis?

Gonadocorticoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glucagon produced by alpha cells in the pancreas?

Promote glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Increase heart rate and alertness Signup and view all the answers

Which glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Parathyroid glands Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones function as intercellular messengers, regulating development, metabolism, and growth.
Growth hormone specifically promotes overall body growth and development.
Secreted in trace amounts, hormones play critical roles in various metabolic processes.

Pituitary Gland

Pars distalis produces six key trophic hormones:
- Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth.
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Regulates thyroid gland activity.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates adrenal cortex production.
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Involved in reproductive processes.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Regulates ovulation and testosterone production.
- Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production.
Pars intermedia secretes:
- Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Influences pigmentation.
Pars nervosa secretes:
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Promotes water reabsorption and electrolyte balance.
- Oxytocin: Facilitates childbirth and maternal bonding.

Hypothalamus Hormones

ADH: Essential for water retention in the kidneys.
Oxytocin: Key role in childbirth and lactation.

Thyroid Gland

Follicles secrete T3 and T4 (Thyroxin), crucial for regulating basal metabolic rate (BMR).
Parafollicular cells secrete Calcitonin (TCT), involved in calcium metabolism.
Plays essential roles in growth, metabolism, and menstrual cycle regulation.

Other Endocrine Glands

Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles and body temperature.
Adrenal Cortex:
- Produces Aldosterone: Regulates sodium and potassium balance.
- Produces Cortisol: Involved in stress response and metabolism.
Pancreas:
- Exocrine Function: Produces pancreatic juices containing lipases.
- Endocrine Function:
  - B-cells: Secrete insulin, promoting glucose utilization and storage (glycogenesis).
  - A-cells: Secrete glucagon, stimulating energy release and raising blood glucose levels (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis).

Additional Glands and Their Functions

Parathyroid Glands: Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels.
Thymus Gland: Secretes thymosins, enhancing T-cell production and immune response.

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Cortex:
- Mineralocorticoids: Manage water and electrolyte balance.
- Glucocorticoids (Cortisol): Affect metabolism, blood pressure, and inflammation.
- Gonadocorticoids: Involved in the production of sex hormones.
Adrenal Medulla:
- Secretes Adrenaline: Increases heart rate and alertness during stress.
- Secretes Noradrenaline: Works alongside adrenaline, affecting similar physiological responses.

Summary of Pancreatic Functions

Exocrine Part: Produces digestive enzymes.
Endocrine Part (Islets of Langerhans):
- B-cells: Insulin release lowers blood sugar levels.
- A-cells: Glucagon release raises blood sugar in response to low levels.

Description

Explore the vital roles hormones play in the body, focusing on their functions in development, metabolism, and growth. This quiz delves into the specific hormones produced by the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.